ʻIke kumu e pili ana i nā sila

He nui nā mea i loko o nā sila, a ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻano me nā mea hoʻopaʻa like ʻole. He mau huaʻōlelo like ʻole no ke kalai ʻana. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia ʻike no ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka mahalo. Eia kahi hoʻolauna pōkole i kekahi manaʻo maʻamau.

1. Sila Yin (keʻokeʻo), sila Yang (zhu), sila Yin a me Yang. ʻElua mau ʻano o nā kiʻi a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi ma ka sila: concave a me convex. ʻO nā mea ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā i kapa ʻia nā huaʻōlelo Yin (i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻano wahine), a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Yang. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka inoa kahiko ka mea kūʻē i ka inoa o kēia manawa, no ka mea, ua kapa ka poʻe kahiko i nā palapala Yin a me Yang e like me ka hōʻailona o ka sila ma ka ʻala. ʻO ka palapala Yin i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻōpala sila, ʻo ia ka palapala Yang ma ka sila; ʻO ka palapala Yang ma ka lepo sila ʻo Yang. Ua kakauia ka sila me na palapala. No laila, i mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole, ua kapa ʻia ka palapala Yin ʻo Baiwen a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo Yang i kapa ʻia ʻo Zhuwen. Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau sila me nā ʻano keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula, i kapa ʻia ʻo "zhubaijianwenseal". ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo nā sila kahiko ka nui o nā sila keʻokeʻo, nani a kahiko nā peʻa, ikaika ke ʻano kākau, a pono e hoʻopau ʻia nā wahi huli i ka hele hoʻokahi. ʻO nā momona Baiwenyin ka momona akā ʻaʻole i pehu, lahilahi akā maloʻo, maʻalahi ke hoʻohana, nani ke ʻano, a ʻo ka hapa nui e pale i ka hana ʻana. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Zhuwenyin i nā ʻEono Dynasties a ua kaulana ʻo ia i ka Tang a me Song Dynasties. He nani a he nani nā ʻano, a ua ʻike piha ʻia nā paʻi, akā ʻaʻole pono ka mānoanoa o ke kākau lima, no ka mea, e ʻike ʻia ke ʻano ʻino.

2. Ka hoolei ana a me ke kii ana. ʻO nā sila metala, inā he kūlana a pilikino paha, i kālai ʻia mai ka pālolo a laila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one a i ʻole nā ​​ala kaha kiʻi wax. Kapa ʻia kēia he "cast seal". ʻO ka hapa nui o nā sila kahiko i hoʻolei pū ʻia me ka ʻōlelo sila. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā sila non-metal e like me ka jade a hiki ke ʻoki wale ʻia me ka pahi. Aia kekahi mau sila metala i hoʻolei ʻia ma mua a laila ʻoki ʻia me nā kikokikona sila. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano sila he "chisel seal." Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā sila i kālai ʻia i nā mea maʻemaʻe a me nā ʻōpala. Ua ʻoki wikiwiki ʻia kekahi mau sila kūhelu a hoʻohana ʻia me ke kali ʻole i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo "Jijiuzhang".

3. Pa'i 'ao'ao 'elua, pa'i 'ao'ao nui, a pa'i 'ao'ao 'elua. Ua kahakaha ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao i nā huaʻōlelo a ua kahakaha ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao me ka inoa, a i ʻole kekahi ʻaoʻao i kahakaha ʻia me ka inoa a i ʻole kekahi ʻaoʻao i kahakaha ʻia me ka inoa kūlana, a i ʻole kekahi ʻaoʻao i kahakaha ʻia me ka inoa a ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao i kahakaha ʻia me ka inoa. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi, nā kiʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka paʻi ʻaoʻao nui ka hoʻohālikelike. ʻAʻohe pihi ka paʻi ʻaoʻao ʻelua a me ka paʻi ʻaoʻao lehulehu, a ʻo kahi puka liʻiliʻi wale nō i wili ʻia i waenakonu no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kāʻei, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "paʻi paʻi". ʻElua a ʻoi aku paha nā sila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i kapa ʻia he "sila he nui" a i ʻole "overprints."

4. Sila inoa, sila hua'ōlelo, sila inoa hui, a sila nui. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe kahiko he hōʻailona hōʻaiʻē nā sila, no laila ua hoʻohana lākou i ka sila inoa ma ke ʻano he sila kūhelu a me ka huaʻōlelo sila ma ke ʻano he sila palaualelo no nā kumu like ʻole. ʻO ka sila inoa ʻo ia wale nō ka inoa i kahakaha ʻia. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo "seal", "letter seal", "seal" a me "zhi seal" wale nō i hoʻohui ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo "seal pilikino" a me nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "shi" a me nā huaʻōlelo palaualelo ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou e hōʻike i ka mahalo ʻole. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Ziyin i ka papa ʻaina Ziyin. I ka Han a me Jin Dynasties, pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā huaʻōlelo me ka inoa inoa, a pili paha nā mamo a pili ʻole paha. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "Yin" a i ʻole ka inoa hope i hoʻohui ʻia i ka sila ʻano, e like me "Zhao Shi Ziʻang". Ua kapa ʻia nā inoa a me nā mea i kahakaha ʻia i hoʻokahi sila ʻo "seals hui ʻia". Aia kekahi poʻe i kahakaha i kahi o ka hānau ʻana, ka inoa inoa, ka inoa i hāʻawi ʻia, ka inoa, ke poʻo, ke kūlana kūlana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻokahi sila, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ke sila nui".

5. Paʻi Palindrome, paʻi heluhelu ākea, a paʻi interlaced. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Palindrome e hana i ka sila inoa a me ke sila ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo ʻelua, hiki ke pale i ka heluhelu hewa ʻana a hoʻohui i nā huaʻōlelo ʻelua o ka inoa i hoʻokahi. ʻO ke ala e kau i ka huaʻōlelo "Yin" ma lalo o ka inoa inoa ma ka ʻākau, a me nā huaʻōlelo ʻelua o ka inoa mua ma ka hema. Inā heluhelu ʻoe iā ia ma ka loop loop, ʻo ia ka "paʻi ʻia ka inoa ma luna o kēlā-a-pēlā" ma kahi o "paʻi ʻia ka inoa inoa ma kēlā-a-peia"

“. No ka laʻana, inā ua kahakaha ʻia nā huaʻōlelo ʻehā "Wang Cong's seal" me ka ʻole o ka palindrome, hiki ke kuhihewa ʻia ʻo Wang Ming Cong ka inoa, a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Wang Ming Cong ka inoa. He kakaikahi loa ka heluhelu horizontal o na sila a me na sila kikokiko. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohana wale ʻia e kālai i nā inoa kūhelu a me nā inoa wahi. Eia kekahi laʻana, ua kahakahaʻia ka hua'ōlelo "Sikong" ma luna aʻo ka hua'ōlelo "Zhi" i kahakahaʻia ma lalo. Kapa ʻia kēia he sila heluhelu keʻa, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano diagonal. Heluhelu. No nā huaʻōlelo ʻehā, aia ka huaʻōlelo mua ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, ʻo ke kolu ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, a ʻo ka ʻehā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau. No ka laʻana, aia ke ʻano "Yang" ma ke kihi ʻākau i luna. Ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo "jin", aia ka huaʻōlelo "lv" ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka huaʻōlelo "yi", akā maʻalahi ka heluhelu hewa ʻana ma ke ʻano he "yijinyangyin" a i ʻole "yiyinjinyang".

6. Sila puke a me ke sila ohi. Ua kaulana loa ka calligraphy a me ka pa'i 'ana i ka wā kahiko. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā sila pālolo mai ka Qin a me Han Dynasties a i ka Southern and Northern Dynasties. He sila ma hope o ke sila palolo, akā ma ka ma'amau, ua ho'ohana 'ia ka sila inoa. Ma hope mai, ʻo nā sila "ua ʻōlelo kekahi", "hoʻolaha kekahi i kekahi mea", "ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo kekahi", "hoʻomaha kekahi", "noho mālie kekahi", etc. ʻO kēia nā sila puke āpau. ʻO ka sila hōʻiliʻili he sila no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kiʻi pena a me ka calligraphy, i hoʻomaka ʻia i ka mōʻī Tang. Ua loaʻa iā Emperor Taizong o ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Tang ka sila hoʻomau mau ʻelua ʻano "Zhenguan", a ʻo Emperor Xuanzong o ka mōʻī Tang i loaʻa i ka sila rectangular ʻelua ʻano "Gongyuan". ʻOiai ʻaʻole hōʻailona ʻia kēia mau sila ʻelua me ka ʻike, he ʻano ʻike a ʻo ia nā sila ʻike mua loa. Ma hope o ka Song Dynasty, ua ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka ʻike o nā sila loiloi, a nani loa nā kiʻi kiʻi sila a me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia. Loaʻa iā lākou ke kiʻi ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a makemake ʻia e nā ʻohi. ʻO ka lua, hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ke kaʻa ʻana o nā calligraphy makamae kahiko a me nā kiʻi pena ma o ke sila o ka ʻohi. Aia i loko o ka kikokikona “ka ʻohi kanaka”, “ka mahalo o ke kanaka”, “ke kākau ʻōlelo kiʻi o kekahi hale (tang, hall, pavilion) ma kekahi kalana” a pēlā aku. ʻO nā sila he nui pū kekahi me nā sila ʻike.

7. Sila Jade. Ma waena o nā mea paʻi, ʻo ka jade ka mea nui loa. Maʻemaʻe a maʻemaʻe kona kino, ʻaʻole abrasive a phosphorous, a hiki ke hōʻino a haki ʻole me ka luku ʻole i kona ʻano. No laila, makemake ka poʻe kahiko e ʻaʻahu i nā sila jade, ʻo ia hoʻi, e ʻaʻahu ke keonimana i ka jade a mahalo ʻia ka kūpaʻa o ka jade. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka jade, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai. I mea e hoʻopunipuni ai i ka mākeke a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā, hoʻokomo pinepine kekahi poʻe kālepa i ka jade hou i loko o ka pā palai a hoʻomoʻa iā ia e like me ka patina.

8. Pepa metala. E pili ana i nā sila i kahakaha ʻia me ke gula, ke kālā, ke keleawe, ke kēpau, ka hao a me nā metala ʻē aʻe. He palupalu loa ke ʻano o ke gula a me ke kālā, e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahi, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike ʻana i ka maka o ka pulumu. No laila, hui pū ʻia ke keleawe me ke keleawe i ka wā e hana ai i nā sila, ʻaʻole maʻalahi wale ke ʻano, akā maʻalahi hoʻi ke kahakaha. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā sila gula a me ke kālā i uhi ʻia me ke gula a me ke kālā, a he mea kakaikahi ke gula maʻemaʻe a me ke kālā maʻemaʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ke gula a me ke kālā i nā sila oihana e ʻike ai i nā māka, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke gula a me ke kālā i nā sila pilikino. No ka mea paʻakikī ke kahakaha ʻana i nā sila gula a me ke kālā ma ka pahi a palupalu a ʻoi ka lima kākau, ʻaʻole ia he waiwai nui mai ka ʻike o ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka mahalo. He calligraphy ikaika ko ke sila keleawe me na lei hope. Ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano, aia ke ʻoki a me ke kahakaha ʻana, a he gula a me ke kālā kekahi. He kakaikahi na sila kepau a me na sila hao i ka wa kahiko koe wale no na sila nunui. I ka Ming Dynasty, ua hoʻohana ka poʻe censors imperial i nā sila hao e hōʻike i ko lākou pololei a me ka manaʻo ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ka hao i ka ʻōpala a ʻino, no laila kakaikahi o lākou i hoʻoili ʻia i lalo.

9. Paʻi ʻelepani a me nā iwi rhino. ʻO nā sila niho he mau hōʻailona kūhelu ma ka moʻokūʻauhau Han, akā ua hana nui ʻia nā sila pilikino ma hope o ka Song Dynasty. Ua hana ʻia lākou me ka niho ʻelepani, ʻo ia ka palupalu, paʻakikī a me ka momona, e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahi. Ina i kahakahaia na palapala me ka ulaula, e ike ia ana ka oi o ka palaki, a ina i kahakaha ia na palapala keokeo, aohe uhane. No laila, ʻaʻole makemake nui nā mea kālai sila a me nā ʻohi ʻohi i nā hōʻailona niho. He mea ʻino ka niho ʻelepani no nā kānaka, a i ka wā e pili ai me ka mimi ʻiole, e ʻike koke ʻia nā kiko ʻeleʻele a hiki i lalo, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehe ʻia. Makaʻu nō hoʻi au i ka wela a me ka hou, no laila, ʻaʻole au e ʻaʻahu pinepine iā ia inā he mau niho. Rhinoceros horn sila, Han Dynasty wale nō ʻelua tausani pōhaku a ʻehā

Hoʻohana ʻo Baishiguan i ka pepeiaohao rhinoceros ʻeleʻele e like me kona sila, a ʻaʻole hoʻohana i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe. He mānoanoa a palupalu kona ʻano, a e hoʻopōʻino ia i ka wā lōʻihi. Hoʻohana kekahi i nā iwi a me nā pepeiaohao o nā bipi a me nā hipa i sila. Ua kaulana keia i na kanaka. ʻAʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e nā sila kūhelu a me nā ʻohana waiwai. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā moʻolelo pili, no laila ʻaʻole maopopo i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai. “

10. Sila kristal, agate a me na sila e ae. ʻO ke ʻano o ke aniani he paʻakikī a palupalu, no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kālai. E haki inā hoʻoikaika iki ʻoe, a paheʻe nā huaʻōlelo i kālai ʻia a ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano o ka agate ma mua o ʻelima, a ʻo ia ka mea paʻakikī loa e kahakaha ai ma waena o nā mea paʻi a pau. ʻOi ke kikokikona i kālai ʻia a ʻaʻohe nani. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā sila Porcelain i ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Tang a ua laha loa i ka moʻokūʻauhau Song. He paʻakikī a paʻakikī ke kālai. He maʻalahi ke koʻa, ʻoiai he maʻalahi ka haʻi a paʻakikī ka jade. ʻO ka pōkole, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kalai ʻana i nā sila a me nā sila ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā sila ʻo ia ka hapalua o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana me ka ʻelua o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana. ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili a me nā connoisseurs e pāʻani wale me lākou e like me keʻano o ka hoʻonani.

11. Sila lāʻau ʻohe. Hana ʻia nā sila lāʻau i ka pahu pahu, he maʻalahi ke ʻoki a ʻaʻole wehe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā aʻa, nā aʻa ʻohe, nā kumu melon, nā ʻuala hua, a pēlā aku no ke kahakaha ʻana. E koho i ka ʻohe me nā aʻa pololei a lahilahi a ʻaʻohe māwae. Inā kūpono ka mamao ma waena o nā node ʻelua a hoʻohele pinepine ʻia nā kumu kumu, nani loa ia a kūpono hoʻi e mālama ʻia. ʻO ke kumu, ʻo nā hua ʻoliva mai Guangdong ka mea kūʻai nui loa (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua ʻoliva ma mua o nā ʻoliva a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai ʻia). He paʻakikī ko lākou ʻano, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe he palupalu. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻoki a kālai ʻia, akā paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo piha i ka nani o ke kiʻi ʻana i ke sila. Hiki ke kālaiʻia nā sila lāʻauʻohe i nāʻano likeʻole, e hoʻohui i nā mea hana lima a me nā sila i hoʻokahi, no laila he mau mea hōʻiliʻili a me nā meaʻike.

12. Pihi sila a me ka lipine sila. ʻO ka puʻupuʻu kiʻekiʻe ma ke kua o ke sila me nā puka no nā kāʻei wili i kapa ʻia ʻo ke pihi sila. He mea maʻalahi ke ʻano o ke pihi sila mua, me ke ʻano hoʻokiʻekiʻe wale nō i kālai ʻia ma ke kua a me kahi puka ma luna. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia e nā hanauna ma hope aku ʻo ka "pihi ihu". Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana sila a me ke kahakaha ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka nani o ka hana ʻana i nā pihi sila, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he holoholona e like me nā holoholona, ​​nā inike, a me nā iʻa, e like me nā pihi deragona, nā pihi tiger, nā pihi chi, nā pihi honu, a me nā pihi ʻuhane ʻino. Aia nō nā pihi curved, nā pihi pololei, nā pihi puna (kahiko keleawe kahiko), nā pihi tile, nā pihi alahaka, nā pihi bakeke, nā pihi kuahu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. kapa ʻia ʻo "Bo Yi" - lahilahi a nani. ʻO ka lipine sila ke kāʻei i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka pihi manamana lima, ka mea i hana nui ʻia i ka pulupulu i ka wā kahiko. Ma hope o ka Qin a me Han Dynasties, ua loaʻa i nā ʻokoʻa kala o nā sila a me nā lipine kekahi mau ʻokoʻa papa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohala.

I ka pōkole, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mahalo ʻana i nā sila ʻekolu mau ʻano: ke ʻano o nā mea sila, nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona a me ke kaha kikokikona. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano mea paʻi. ʻO nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona ka nui o ka ʻili o ka sila a me ke pihi sila, ʻoiai ke ʻano o nā mea i ʻoki ʻia i ka sila mai ka Pākē kahiko, ka palapala sila nui (籀), ka palapala sila liʻiliʻi, ka palapala ʻewalu kino, a me ka palapala ʻeono kino. Ma ke ʻano o ka nani, pono mākou e nānā i ka ʻoki ʻana i ke sila o kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka sila (seal method), inā he kūpono, nani, a me ka moʻolelo (ke ʻano haku mele), inā ua piha kēlā me kēia hahau i ka ʻuhane. a me ke kahe, koʻikoʻi a nani, a i ʻole stagnant (brushwork method), Inā kūpono ka ikaika o ka pahi e hōʻike piha ana i ka ʻoi o ka pulupulu a me ka nani o ka calligraphy. A inā he kūpono ka hohonu o ke kalai ʻana (sword technique), ʻo kēia mau ʻano hana ʻehā e pili pū ana i ka ʻike kūikawā o ke kālai sila.