Kev paub yooj yim txog cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj

Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus, thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv sib txawv nrog cov khoom sib txawv. Tseem muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus rau engraving txoj kev. Nkag siab txog qhov kev paub no yog qhov zoo rau kev sau thiab txaus siab. Ntawm no yog ib qho kev qhia luv luv rau qee qhov kev nkag siab zoo.

1. Yin (dawb) foob, Yang (zhu) foob, Yin thiab Yang foob. Cov cim lossis cov duab ntawm lub foob muaj ob daim duab: concave thiab convex. Cov nyob ntawm plaub sab hu ua Yin cim (tseem hu ua poj niam cov cim), thiab cov opposite sawv daws hu ua Yang cim. Txawm li cas los xij, lub npe thaum ub yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tam sim no, vim hais tias cov ancients hu ua Yin thiab Yang scripts raws li lub cim ntawm lub foob ntawm lub sealing av nkos. Cov ntawv Yin nthuav tawm ntawm cov av nkos yog Yang tsab ntawv ntawm lub foob; Yang tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sealing av yog Yang. Lub foob yog sau nrog inscriptions. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob nkag siab yuam kev, Yin tsab ntawv hu ua Baiwen thiab Yang tsab ntawv hu ua Zhuwen. Qee cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog tov nrog cov cim dawb thiab liab, uas yog hu ua "zhubaijianwenseal". Feem ntau hais lus, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thaum ub feem ntau yog cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, cov fonts zoo nkauj thiab qub, kev sau ntawv muaj zog, thiab cov ntsiab lus tig yuav tsum ua kom tiav hauv ib qho mus. Baiwenyin fonts feem ntau yog rog tab sis tsis bloated, nyias tab sis withered, siv tau yooj yim, zoo nkauj, thiab feem ntau zam kev tsim. Zhuwenyin pib nyob rau hauv Rau Lub Dynasties thiab tau nrov nyob rau hauv lub Tang thiab Song Dynasties. Cov fonts yog elegant thiab elegant, thiab strokes yog tag nrho nthuav, tab sis tus sau ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob tuab, raws li roughness yuav saib tacky.

2. Casting thiab chiseling. Hlau ntsaws ruaj ruaj, txawm tias official los yog ntiag tug, feem ntau yog carved los ntawm av nplaum thiab ces smelted siv xuab zeb casting los yog siv quav ciab txoj kev kos duab. Qhov no yog hu ua "cast seal". Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thaum ub tau muab pov ua ke nrog cov ntawv foob. Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj uas tsis yog hlau xws li jade tsis tuaj yeem smelted thiab tsuas tuaj yeem raug chiseled nrog rab riam. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj uas yog thawj zaug cam khwb cia thiab ces chiseled nrog cov ntawv foob. Hom foob no feem ntau hu ua "chisel seal." Lub chiseled seals tuaj yeem muab faib ua kom huv thiab ntxhib. Qee cov foob pob hluav taws tau nrawm nrawm thiab muab tso rau hauv kev siv yam tsis tau tos tus qauv kaw, yog li lawv raug hu ua "Jijiuzhang".

3. Kev luam ntawv ob sab, ntau sab luam ntawv, thiab luam ntawv ob sab. Ib sab yog engraved nrog cov lus, thiab sab yog engraved nrog lub npe, los yog ib sab yog engraved nrog lub npe, thiab sab yog engraved nrog txoj hauj lwm title, los yog ib sab yog engraved nrog lub npe thiab sab yog engraved nrog Cov lus zoo, cov duab, thiab lwm yam. Cov uas muaj cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj rau ntawm ob sab yog hu ua ob sab foob. Multi-sided printing yog qhov sib piv. Kev luam ntawv ob sab thiab ntau sab luam ntawv feem ntau tsis muaj cov nyees khawm, thiab tsuas yog ib lub qhov me me yog drilled hauv nruab nrab rau threading txoj siv, yog li nws tseem hu ua "banding printing". Ob los yog ntau dua cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj uas tau muab tso ua ke rau kev txav mus los yog hu ua "ntau lub foob" lossis "overprints."

4. Lub npe foob, lo lus foob, muab lub npe foob, thiab foob dav dav. Cov neeg qub ntseeg hais tias cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog lub cim ntawm credit, yog li lawv siv lub npe foob raws li lub foob foob thiab lo lus foob ua lub foob foob rau lwm lub hom phiaj. Lub npe foob txhais tau tias tsuas yog lub npe kos. Feem ntau, tsuas yog "seal", "seal letter", "seal" thiab "zhi seal" ntxiv rau hauv lub npe. Cov lus "private seal" thiab lwm lo lus tsis siv, tab sis lo lus "shi" thiab lwm cov cim tsis siv neeg tsis siv. Kev siv lawv qhia tsis hwm. Ziyin tseem hu ua rooj Ziyin. Nyob rau hauv Han thiab Jin Dynasties, cov cim yuav tsum tau txuas nrog lub xeem, thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yuav raug txuas los yog tsis. Feem ntau, tsuas yog lo lus "Yin" lossis lub xeem lub npe raug ntxiv rau lub cim cim, xws li "Zhao Shi Zi'ang". Cov npe thiab cov cim kos rau hauv ib lub foob yog hu ua "lub npe sib koom ua ke". Tseem muaj cov uas sau qhov chaw yug, lub xeem, lub npe, lub npe, lub npe, txoj hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib lub foob, uas yog hu ua "general foob".

5. Palindrome printing, kab rov tav nyeem ntawv, thiab interlaced printing. Palindrome yog siv los cuam tshuam nrog lub npe foob thiab cim foob ntawm ob lub cim, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev nyeem tsis raug thiab txuas ob lub cim ntawm lub npe rau hauv ib qho. Txoj kev yog muab lo lus "Yin" nyob rau hauv lub xeem lub npe nyob rau sab xis, thiab ob lub cim ntawm thawj lub npe nyob rau sab laug. Yog tias koj nyeem nws hauv ib lub voj, nws yuav yog "lub xeem tau luam tawm ntawm qhov ntawd-thiab-li" es tsis yog "lub xeem yog luam tawm ntawm qhov ntawd-thiab-yog li"

". Piv txwv li, yog tias plaub lub cim "Wang Cong lub foob" tau kos ib txwm tsis muaj palindrome, nws tuaj yeem ua yuam kev rau lub npe Wang Ming Cong, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem pom tias lub xeem yog Wang Ming Cong. Kab rov tav nyeem cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab cov ntawv sib txuas sib txuas yog qhov tsawg heev. Feem ntau, nws tsuas yog siv los sau cov npe npe thiab tso npe. Piv txwv li, lo lus "Sikong" yog engraved rau saum thiab lo lus "Zhi" yog engraved rau hauv qab. Qhov no yog hu ua cross-reading foob, uas yog ua nyob rau hauv kab pheeb ces kaum. Nyeem. Rau plaub lub cim, thawj tus cim yog nyob rau sab xis sab xis, lub cim thib ob yog nyob rau sab laug sab laug, tus cim thib peb yog nyob rau sab laug, thiab lub cim plaub yog nyob rau sab xis. Piv txwv li, tus cwj pwm "Yang" yog nyob rau sab xis sab xis. Nyob rau hauv lo lus "jin", lo lus "lv" yog nyob rau sab laug ntawm lo lus "yi", tab sis nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub nws yog "yijinyangyin" los yog "yiyinjinyang".

6. Phau ntawv foob thiab sau foob. Calligraphy thiab printing tau nrov dua nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Cov nplaum nplaum tau siv los ntawm Qin thiab Han Dynasties mus rau yav qab teb thiab Northern Dynasties. Muaj lub foob tom qab lub foob av nplaum, tab sis feem ntau tsuas yog siv lub npe foob. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog "ib tug hais ib yam dab tsi", "ib tug neeg tshaj tawm ib yam dab tsi", "ib tug neeg hais tsis muaj dab tsi", "ib tug neeg nres", "ib tug neeg hais lus nyob ntsiag to", thiab lwm yam. Cov no yog tag nrho cov ntawv foob. Lub foob foob yog lub foob rau sau cov duab kos duab thiab kos npe, uas tau pib hauv Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong ntawm Tang Dynasty muaj ob lub cim txuas ntxiv foob "Zhenguan", thiab Emperor Xuanzong ntawm Tang Dynasty muaj ob lub cim duab plaub "Gongyuan". Txawm hais tias ob lub ntsaws ruaj ruaj no tsis tau cim nrog kev txheeb xyuas, lawv yog cov cim qhia tus kheej thiab yog cov cim cim thaum ntxov. Tom qab Song Dynasty, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuas cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tau nplua nuj dua, thiab cov foob pob zeb thiab cov khoom siv tau zoo heev. Lawv muaj lub siab nyiam mus cuag lwm tus thiab tau nyiam los ntawm cov neeg sau khoom. Qhov thib ob, kev ncig ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj qub thiab cov duab kos tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus sau lub foob. Cov ntawv sau muaj xws li "ib tug neeg sau", "ib tug neeg txaus siab", "ib daim duab tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm ib lub tsev (tang, hall, pavilion) nyob rau hauv ib lub nroog" thiab hais txog. Ntau cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj kuj suav nrog cov cim cim npe.

7. Jade foob. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam ntawv, jade yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nws kev ntxhib los mos yog huv si thiab moist, tsis abrasive los yog phosphorous, thiab tuaj yeem raug puas los yog tawg yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau nws qhov kev ntxhib los mos. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg thaum ub nyiam hnav jade seals, uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug txiv neej yuav hnav jade thiab lub jade ruaj khov yuav txaus siab rau. Qhov loj ntawm jade yog, qhov kim dua nws ua. Yuav kom dag ntxias kev ua lag luam thiab ua kom tau nyiaj, qee cov tub lag luam feem ntau muab cov jade tshiab tso rau hauv lub lauj kaub kib thiab kib kom nws zoo li patina.

8. Hlau stamp. Hais txog cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj engraved nrog kub, nyiaj, tooj liab, txhuas, hlau thiab lwm yam hlau. Qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm kub thiab nyiaj yog mos heev, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev siv riam, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj dua rau qhov txhuam ntug kom pom. Yog li ntawd, tooj liab feem ntau yog tov nrog tooj liab thaum ua cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, uas tsis yog yooj yim rau cov duab, tab sis kuj yooj yim rau engraving. Feem ntau hais lus, feem ntau ntawm cov kub thiab nyiaj ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog coated nrog kub thiab nyiaj, thiab cov kub ntshiab thiab cov nyiaj dawb huv kuj tsis tshua muaj. Kub thiab nyiaj nyob rau hauv official seals yog siv los sib txawv qib, thaum kub thiab nyiaj tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv private seals. Txij li thaum cov kub thiab nyiaj ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog qhov nyuaj rau kos rau ntawm riam thiab cov ntawv sau yog mos thiab ntse, lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev sau thiab kev txaus siab. Lub foob tooj liab muaj zog calligraphy nrog cov hlaws rov qab. Hais txog txoj kev, muaj chiseling thiab engraving, thiab kuj muaj kub thiab nyiaj. Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab hlau ntsaws ruaj ruaj feem ntau tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tshwj tsis yog rau cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj loj. Nyob rau hauv lub Ming Dynasty, cov imperial censors siv hlau ntsaws ruaj ruaj los qhia lawv uprightness thiab selflessness. Txawm li cas los xij, hlau yog yooj yim rau xeb thiab corrode, yog li ob peb ntawm lawv tau dhau los lawm.

9. Ivory prints thiab rhino pob txha prints. Hniav cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj hauv Han Dynasty, tab sis cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj feem ntau tau ua tom qab Song Dynasty. Lawv tau ua los ntawm cov kaus ntxhw, uas yog mos, tawv thiab greasy, ua rau nws nyuaj rau siv riam. Yog hais tias cov ntawv sau yog engraved nyob rau hauv liab, lub sharpness ntawm cov txhuam hniav tseem yuav pom, thaum yog cov dawb inscriptions yog engraved, tsis muaj dab. Yog li ntawd, foob carvers thiab collectors tsis hlub cov hniav ntau heev. Ivory tsw phem rau tib neeg, thiab thaum nws los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog nas cov zis, cov pob dub yuav tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, txoj cai mus rau hauv qab, thiab lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm. Kuv kuj ntshai cua sov thiab tawm hws, yog li kuv tsis hnav nws ntau zaus txawm tias muaj cov hniav. Rhinoceros horn foob, tsuas yog Han Dynasty ob txhiab pob zeb rau plaub

Baishiguan siv lub rhinoceros horn dub ua nws lub foob, thiab tsis tshua siv lwm yam. Nws kev ntxhib los mos yog tuab thiab mos, thiab nws yuav deform raws sijhawm. Lwm tus siv cov pob txha thiab horns ntawm nyuj thiab yaj ua cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Qhov no yog nrov ntawm cov neeg. Nws tsis tshua muaj siv los ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws thiab tsev neeg muaj nyiaj. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tseem tsis tau pom, yog li tsis paub meej thaum twg nws pib. “

10. Crystal foob, agate thiab lwm yam ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Kev ntxhib los mos ntawm crystal yog nyuaj thiab nkig, yog li nws tsis yooj yim rau carve. Nws yuav tawg yog tias koj siv me ntsis quab yuam, thiab cov lus engraved yuav nplua thiab tsis txawj ntse. Kev ntxhib los mos ntawm agate yog ib qho nyuaj tshaj tsib, thiab nws yog cov khoom siv nyuaj tshaj plaws los kos rau ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv luam ntawv. Cov ntawv engraved zoo li ntse thiab tsis muaj elegance. Porcelain seals thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tang Dynasty thiab tau nthuav dav nyob rau hauv Song Dynasty. Lawv yog cov tawv thiab nyuaj rau carving. Coral yog ib qho yooj yim tawg, thaum jade yooj yim tawg thiab nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, siv lead ua thiab lwm yam seals tsis yooj yim rau carving, thiab ua cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog ib nrab ntawm kev siv zog nrog ob zaug ntawm kev siv zog. Cov neeg sau khoom thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsuas yog ua si nrog lawv raws li hom kev kos duab.

11. Xyoob ntoo foob. Ntoo ntsaws ruaj ruaj feem ntau yog ua los ntawm boxwood, uas yooj yim txiav thiab tsis xoob. Hauv paus, xyoob cag, melon stems, txiv hmab txiv ntoo cores, thiab lwm yam kuj siv tau rau engraving. Xaiv xyoob nrog cov cag ncaj, nyias thiab tsis muaj kab nrib pleb. Yog tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob lub nodes yog qhov tsim nyog thiab cov hauv paus nodes tau faib tsis tu ncua, nws yuav zoo nkauj heev thiab tsim nyog rau kev khaws cia. Raws li rau lub hauv paus, cov txiv ntseej noob ntawm Guangdong yog cov kim tshaj plaws (cov noob txiv ntseej loj dua li txiv ntseej thiab tsis tuaj yeem noj). Lawv yog cov tawv hauv kev ntxhib los mos, thaum lwm tus feem ntau yog mos. Lawv tsuas tuaj yeem txiav thiab txiav, tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev paub txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov foob pob zeb. Xyoob ntoo ntsaws ruaj ruaj tuaj yeem ua rau ntau yam duab, sib koom ua ke cov khoom siv tes ua thiab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj rau hauv ib qho, yog li lawv kuj yog ntau yam ntawm cov neeg sau khoom thiab cov neeg paub.

12. Seal khawm thiab foob ribbon. Lub siab bulge nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub foob nrog lub qhov rau threading siv yog hu ua khawm foob. Cov duab ntawm lub pob foob thaum ntxov yog qhov yooj yim, tsuas yog ib qho kev tsa ceg ntoo ntawm sab nraub qaum thiab ib lub qhov hla nws. Cov tiam tom ntej hu ua "lub qhov ntswg khawm". Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sealing thiab engraving tshuab, zus tau tej cov seal nyees khawm tau ua ntau thiab ntau exquisite, thiab muaj ntau thiab ntau hom. Lawv feem ntau yog cov tsiaj xws li tsiaj txhu, kab, thiab ntses, xws li nyees khawm, tsov nyees khawm, khawm khawm, vaub kib nyees khawm, thiab khawm dab phem. Kuj tseem muaj cov nyees khawm nkhaus, khawm ncaj, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav (lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav tooj liab) nyees khawm, pobzeb nyees khawm, choj nyees khawm, thoob nyees khawm, lub thaj khawm, thiab lwm yam. Qee cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tsis muaj nyees khawm, thiab engraved nrog toj roob hauv pes thiab cov duab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub foob, uas yog hu ua "Bo Yi" - nyias thiab zoo nkauj. Lub foob ribbon yog txoj siv tawv hnav ntawm lub khawm ntiv tes, uas feem ntau yog ua los ntawm paj rwb nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Tom qab Qin thiab Han Dynasties, cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov foob thiab ribbons muaj qee qib sib txawv thiab tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau.

Hauv luv luv, kev sau thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj feem ntau suav nrog peb yam: ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv foob, cov yam ntxwv zoo thiab cov ntawv sau. Cov hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tau piav qhia meej. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev feem ntau suav nrog lub foob nto thiab lub foob pob, thaum lub cim foob raug txiav los ntawm Suav thaum ub, cov ntawv foob loj (籀), ntawv foob me me, tsab ntawv yim lub cev, thiab tsab ntawv rau lub cev. Hais txog kev ntxim nyiam, peb kuj yuav tsum tau saib seb lub foob txiav ntawm txhua tus cim hauv lub foob yog sib xyaw ua ke (kev sib khi), seb qhov kev teeb tsa yog qhov tsim nyog, zoo nkauj, thiab tshiab (txheej txheem txheej txheem), seb txhua tus mob stroke yog tag nrho ntawm tus ntsuj plig. thiab ntws, solemn thiab elegant, los yog stagnant (txhuam txoj kev), Txawm hais tias lub zog ntawm riam yog tsim nyog tag nrho qhia txog lub sharpness ntawm txhuam thiab lub ntxim nyiam ntawm calligraphy. Ib yam li seb qhov tob ntawm carving yog qhov tsim nyog (ntau txheej txheem), plaub txoj kev no kuj muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb ntawm kev foob pob.