Tsegulani tsatanetsatane wa chidziwitso
Kumvetsetsa kwa zisindikizo

Pambuyo pa Mzera wa Qin, zisindikizo zonse zovomerezeka ndi zapadera zinkatchedwa "Xi". Qin atagwirizanitsa maufumu asanu ndi limodzi, zinanenedwa kuti chisindikizo cha mfumuyo chimatchedwa "Xi" chokha, ndipo anthuwo ankangotchedwa "Yin". Mu Mzera wa Han, munalinso akalonga, mafumu, mfumukazi ndi mfumukazi zomwe zimatchedwa "Xi". Wu Zetian wa ku Tang Dynasty adasintha dzinalo kukhala "Bao" chifukwa adawona kuti "Xi" amatchulidwira moyandikana ndi "Imfa" (ena amati imatchulidwira chimodzimodzi ndi "Xi"). Kuchokera ku Tang Dynasty mpaka Qing Dynasty, dongosolo lakale linkatsatiridwa ndipo "Xi" ndi "Bao" adagwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi. Chisindikizo cha General Han chimatchedwa "Zhang". Pambuyo pake, malinga ndi miyambo ya anthu akale, zisindikizo zikuphatikizapo: "chisindikizo", "chisindikizo", "chidziwitso", "zhuji", "mgwirizano", "guanfang", "sitampu", "chithumwa", " deed", "deed", "poke" ndi maudindo ena. Zisindikizo m'nthawi ya Qin ndi Qin-Han Dynasties nthawi zambiri zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza zinthu ndi zozembera. Zisindikizozo zinayikidwa pamatope osindikizira kuti asachotsedwe mosaloledwa komanso kuti atsimikizidwe. Chisindikizo chovomerezeka chimaimiranso mphamvu. Zotsalira za m'chubu lakumbuyo zimasinthidwa mosavuta kukhala mapepala ndi silika, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza ndi matope kumasiyidwa pang'onopang'ono. Chisindikizocho chimakutidwa ndi chisindikizo chamtundu wa vermillion. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yake ya tsiku ndi tsiku, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri polemba zolemba ndi kujambula, ndipo yakhala imodzi mwazojambula zapadera za dziko langa. Kale, mkuwa, siliva, golidi, yade, glaze wachikuda, etc. ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati zipangizo kusindikiza, kenako mano, nyanga, matabwa, krustalo, etc. Zisindikizo Stone anayamba kutchuka pambuyo Yuan Dynasty.

[Mitundu ya zisindikizo]

Chisindikizo chovomerezeka: Chisindikizo chovomerezeka. Zisindikizo zovomerezeka m'ma dynasties akale ali ndi machitidwe awoawo. Sikuti mayina awo ndi osiyana, koma mawonekedwe awo, kukula kwake, zisindikizo, ndi mabatani amasiyananso. Chisindikizocho chimaperekedwa ndi banja lachifumu ndipo chimaimira ulamuliro wosiyanitsa maudindo ndi maudindo. Zisindikizo zovomerezeka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zisindikizo zachinsinsi, zosamala kwambiri, zokulirapo, ndipo zimakhala ndi mabatani amphuno.

Chisindikizo chachinsinsi: mawu wamba a zisindikizo kupatulapo zisindikizo zovomerezeka. Makina osindikizira achinsinsi ndi ovuta ndipo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi tanthauzo la zilembo, makonzedwe a zilembo, njira zopangira, zipangizo zosindikizira ndi zolemba. Dzina, zilembo, ndi sitampu ya nambala: Chisindikizocho chimalembedwa dzina, manambala, kapena manambala a munthuyo. Mayina a anthu a Han ali ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi, ndipo zilembo zawo zitatu ndi Yin. Amene alibe khalidwe "Yin" amatchedwa Yin. Kuyambira ku Tang ndi Song Dynasties, munthu "Zhu Wen" wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe osindikizira, ndipo "Shi" adawonjezedwa ku dzina lake. Anthu amakono amakhalanso ndi mayina olembera, omwe amagweranso m'gulu ili.

Chisindikizo cha Zhaiguan: Akale nthawi zambiri amatchula zipinda zawo zochezera ndi maphunziro, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankazigwiritsa ntchito popanga zisindikizo. Li Qin wa Mzera wa Tang anali ndi chisindikizo cha "Duan Ju Shi", chomwe chinali pafupi ndi chisindikizo choyambirira kwambiri chotere.

Script chisindikizo: Chisindikizo ndi chimodzi chomwe mawu akuti "Qi Shi", "Bai Shi", ndi "Shuo Shi" amawonjezeredwa pambuyo pa dzina. Masiku ano, anthu ali ndi anthu omwe "amaganiziranso", "kusindikiza moona mtima", "kupuma". Chisindikizo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polemberana makalata. Chisindikizo choyamikira chosonkhanitsa: Chisindikizo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphimba ma calligraphy ndikupenta zakale zachikhalidwe. Inakula mu Mzera wa Tang ndipo inali yabwino kuposa Mzera wa Nyimbo. Taizong wa mzera wa Tang anali ndi "Zhenguan", Xuanzong anali ndi "Kaiyuan", ndipo Huizong wa mzera wanyimboyo anali ndi "Xuanhe", zonse zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito potolera zolemba zakale ndi zojambula. Pazisindikizo zamtundu wa zosonkhanitsira, mawu oti "kusonkhanitsa", "chuma", "kusonkhanitsa mabuku", "kusonkhanitsa zojambula", "chuma", "sewero lachinsinsi", "buku" ndi zina zambiri amawonjezeredwa. M’gulu la chiyamikiro, mawu monga “chiyamikiro”, “chuma”, “chiyamikiro choyera”, “chiyamikiro cha mtima”, “kuwona”, “dalitso la maso” ndi zina zotero amawonjezeredwa. Mawu oti "kusinthidwa", "kuyesedwa", "kuvomerezedwa", "kuyesa", "Chidziwitso" ndi zina zambiri amawonjezeredwa mu chisindikizo cha mtundu wokonzanso. Chisindikizo chachilankhulo chabwino: Chisindikizocho chimalembedwa momveka bwino. Monga "phindu lalikulu", "phindu latsiku", "mwayi waukulu", "chimwemwe chachitali", "mwayi wautali", "chuma chambiri", "mbadwa zabwino", "thanzi labwino ndi moyo wautali", "mtendere wosatha", " "Kupeza miyala chikwi pa tsiku", "Kupanga phindu la mamiliyoni makumi ambiri patsiku", ndi zina zotero zonse zimagwera m'gululi. Xiao Xi wa m’banja la Qin analemba kuti: “Matenda adzachiritsidwa, thanzi lamuyaya lidzapumula, ndipo moyo wautali udzakhala wamtendere.” Palinso omwe amawonjezera mawu abwino pamwamba ndi pansi pa mayina awo, omwe amapezeka kwambiri pazisindikizo za mbali ziwiri mu ufumu wa Han.

Idiom seal: Ndi ya gulu la zosangalatsa zosindikizira. Zisindikizozo zimazokotedwa ndi miyambi, ndakatulo, kapena mawu monga kudandaula, chikondi, Chibuda ndi Taoism, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasindikizidwa pa calligraphy ndi kujambula. Zisindikizo za Idiom zinali zotchuka mu Nyimbo ndi Yuan Dynasties. Akuti Jia Sidao ali ndi "abwino adzasangalala nazo pambuyo pake", Wen Jia ali ndi "Zhao Xiyu amatamandidwa chifukwa cha mbiri yake", ndipo Wen Peng ali ndi "Ndimadziyerekezera ndi Peng wanga wakale", onsewa ndi achi China mu " Li Sao”. Ninja sanachite kuseka. Mawu ophiphiritsa pachisindikizo adachokera ku zisindikizo zabwino za Qin ndi Han Dynasties. Zitha kuseweredwa nthawi iliyonse, koma ziyenera kukhala zomveka komanso zokongola, ndipo sizingapangidwe mwachisawawa.

Chisindikizo chooneka ngati Xiao: Chimadziwikanso kuti "chisindikizo chazithunzi" ndi "chisindikizo chachitsanzo", ndi liwu lodziwika bwino la zidindo zojambulidwa ndi mapatani. Zisindikizo zakale za zodiac nthawi zambiri zimajambulidwa ndi zithunzi za anthu, nyama, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo zimatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo dragons, phoenix, akambuku,

Agalu, akavalo, nsomba, mbalame, ndi zina zotero, ndizosavuta komanso zosavuta. Zambiri mwa zisindikizo za zodiac zimalembedwa zoyera, zina ndi zithunzi zoyera, ndipo zina zimakhala ndi malemba. Mu Zisindikizo za Han, ankhandwe ndi akambuku, kapena "mizimu inayi" (chinjoka chobiriwira, nyalugwe yoyera, mbalame yofiira, ndi Xuanwu) nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa kuzungulira dzinali.

Chisindikizo chosindikizidwa: Chimatchedwanso "monogram seal", chimasainidwa ndi munthu amene adasema duwa ndi dzina lake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti ena atsanzire, chifukwa zimakhala ngati umboni wodalirika. Chisindikizo chamtunduwu chinayamba mu Mzera wa Nyimbo ndipo nthawi zambiri sichikhala ndi chimango chakunja. Ambiri mwa otchuka mu Mzera wa Yuan anali amakona anayi, nthawi zambiri ndi dzina lolembedwa pamwamba ndi zilembo za Basiba kapena monogram pansi, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti "Yuan Ya" kapena "sitampu ya Yuan".

[Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zisindikizo]

Poika zolemba ndi zisindikizo pa calligraphy ndi zojambula, chisindikizocho sichiyenera kukhala chachikulu kuposa zilembo. Ndikwachibadwa kuika chisindikizo chachikulu pa malo aakulu ndi chisindikizo chaching’ono pamalo aang’ono.

Chojambula cha ku China chiyenera kusindikizidwa mwachindunji pansi pa zolembazo ndikulunjika pansi pa ngodya. Palibe masitampu apakona omwe amaloledwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati musayina pakona yakumanja yakumanja, mutha kusindikiza chidindo cha "Xian" pakona yakumanzere yakumanzere; ngati musayina pakona yakumanzere yakumanzere, mutha kusindikiza "Xiang seal" pakona yakumanja yakumanja. Ngati chisindikizo cha ndime yomwe ili pamwambayi ili pafupi ndi ngodya yapansi, palibe chifukwa chosindikizira chisindikizo chaulere.

Mukasaina chidutswa cha chess chojambula ku China, sikuyenera kukhala masitampu aulere pamakona akumanzere ndi kumanja. Lembani pa ngodya yakumanja yakumanja ndikudinda sitampu yapakati pakona yakumanzere; lembani pakona yakumanzere yakumanzere ndikudinda pakona yakumanja yakumanja ndi sitampu yayikulu. Ngati palibe chifukwa chosindikizira chisindikizo apa, ndipo chikukakamizika kuti chisindikize, chidzakhala chodzigonjetsa.

Zisindikizo zamakona anayi, zozungulira, ndi zozungulira sizingayikidwe m'makona apansi a zisindikizo zazikulu. Chisindikizo cha square sichikhoza kuikidwa pa malo opanda kanthu pamwamba pa calligraphy ndi kujambula, mwinamwake izo zidzatenga malo. Muzojambula zachikhalidwe zachi China, zolembazo ziyenera kukhala zowongoka ndipo zilembo zomwe zili kumapeto kwa mzere uliwonse zisagwirizane bwino ndi kutalika kwa mizere ina. Zomwezo zimapitanso ku zisindikizo.

Zisindikizo ziwiri, lalikulu limodzi ndi kuzungulira kumodzi, sizingafanane. Zolemba zofananira zofanana zimatha kufananizidwa.