Chidziwitso choyambirira cha zisindikizo

Zisindikizo zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri, ndipo makhalidwe awo amasiyana ndi zipangizo zosindikizira zosiyanasiyana. Palinso mawu osiyanasiyana chosema njira. Kumvetsetsa chidziwitsochi ndikothandiza kwambiri posonkhanitsa ndi kuyamikira. Nawa mawu oyamba achidule a nzeru wamba.

1. Yin (yoyera) chisindikizo, Yang (zhu) chisindikizo, Yin ndi Yang chisindikizo. Zithunzi kapena zithunzi zomwe zili pachisindikizo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe awiri: concave ndi convex. Zilembo za mbali zinayi zimatchedwa zilembo za Yin (zomwe zimatchedwanso zilembo za akazi), ndipo zosiyana zimatchedwa zilembo za Yang. Komabe, mayina akale amatsutsana ndi omwe alipo, chifukwa akale ankatcha malemba a Yin ndi Yang molingana ndi chizindikiro cha chisindikizo pamatope osindikiza. Zolemba za Yin zoperekedwa pamatope osindikiza ndi Yang script pa chisindikizo; script Yang pamatope osindikizira ndi Yang. Chisindikizocho chimalembedwa ndi zolembedwa. Choncho, pofuna kupewa kusamvetsetsana, malemba a Yin amatchedwa Baiwen ndipo Yang script amatchedwa Zhuwen. Zisindikizo zina zimasakanizidwa ndi zilembo zoyera ndi zofiira, zomwe zimatchedwa "zhubaijianwenseal". Nthawi zambiri, zisindikizo zakale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera, mafonti ndi okongola komanso akale, kalembedwe kake ndi kolimba, ndipo zotembenuza ziyenera kumalizidwa nthawi imodzi. Mafonti a Baiwenyin nthawi zambiri amakhala onenepa koma osatupa, owonda koma ofota, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, okongola m'chilengedwe, ndipo ambiri amapewa kuchita zinthu mwachinyengo. Zhuwenyin adayamba mu 6 Dynasties ndipo adadziwika mu Tang ndi Song Dynasties. Ma fonti ndi okongola komanso okongola, ndipo zikwapu zimawonekera bwino, koma zolemba zamanja siziyenera kukhala zokhuthala, chifukwa nkhanza zidzawoneka ngati zovuta.

2. Kuponya ndi kupukuta. Zisindikizo zazitsulo, kaya zovomerezeka kapena zachinsinsi, nthawi zambiri zimasema kuchokera ku dongo kenako n'kuzisungunula pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga kapena phula. Izi zimatchedwa "cast seal". Zambiri mwa zisindikizo zakale zinaponyedwa pamodzi ndi malemba osindikizira. Zisindikizo zopanda zitsulo monga yade sizingasungunuke ndipo zimatha kudulidwa ndi mpeni. Palinso zisindikizo zachitsulo zomwe zimayamba kuponyedwa kenako ndikumata ndi mawu osindikizira. Chisindikizo chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "chisel seal". Zisindikizo zotsekedwa zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu abwino komanso okhwima. Zisindikizo zina za boma zidasindikizidwa mwachangu ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito osadikirira kuti zisindikize, motero zidatchedwa "Jijiuzhang".

3. Kusindikiza kwa mbali ziwiri, kusindikiza kwa mbali zambiri, ndi kusindikiza mbali ziwiri. Mbali ina ndi yolembedwa ndi mawu ndipo mbali ina ndi yolembedwa ndi dzina, kapena mbali ina imalembedwa ndi dzina ndipo mbali ina imalembedwa ndi mutu wa udindo, kapena mbali ina imalembedwa ndi dzina ndipo mbali inayo ndi yolembedwapo. mawu abwino, zithunzi, ndi zina zotero. Amene ali ndi zidindo zolembedwa mbali zonse amatchedwa zisindikizo za mbali ziwiri. Kusindikiza kwa mbali zambiri ndiko kufanana. Kusindikiza kwa mbali ziwiri ndi kusindikiza kwa mbali zambiri nthawi zambiri kulibe mabatani, ndipo kabowo kakang'ono kokha kamene kamabowoledwa pakati kuti azitha kulumikiza lamba, choncho amatchedwanso "kusindikiza banding". Zisindikizo ziwiri kapena zingapo zomata pamodzi kuti zinyamuke zimatchedwa "zisindikizo zambiri" kapena "zosindikiza zambiri."

4. Tchulani chisindikizo, chisindikizo cha mawu, chisindikizo chophatikizana, ndi chisindikizo chonse. Anthu akale ankakhulupirira kuti zidindo ndi chizindikiro cha ngongole, choncho ankagwiritsa ntchito dzina la chidindo monga chidindo chovomerezeka komanso mawu oti chisindikizo monga chidindo chosagwira ntchito pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Dzina losindikizira limatanthauza kuti dzina lokha ndilolembedwa. Nthawi zambiri, "chisindikizo", "chisindikizo", "chisindikizo" ndi "zhi seal" amawonjezeredwa pansi pa dzinalo. Mawu akuti “chisindikizo chachinsinsi” ndi mawu ena sagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma mawu akuti “shi” ndi zilembo zina zopanda pake sagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwagwiritsa ntchito kumasonyeza kusalemekeza. Ziyin amatchedwanso tebulo Ziyin. Mu Han ndi Jin Dynasties, zilembo ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi dzina, ndipo mbadwa zitha kulumikizidwa kapena ayi. Nthawi zambiri, mawu oti "Yin" kapena dzina lomaliza ndi omwe amawonjezeredwa pachidindo, monga "Zhao Shi Zi'ang". Mayina ndi zilembo zolembedwa mu chidindo chimodzi zimatchedwa "dzina lophatikiza zisindikizo". Palinso omwe amalemba malo obadwirako, surname, dzina lopatsidwa, dzina, udindo, udindo, ndi zina zotero mu chisindikizo chimodzi, chomwe chimatchedwa "chisindikizo chonse".

5. Palindrome yosindikiza, yopingasa kuwerenga kusindikiza, ndi interlaced kusindikiza. Palindrome imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi dzina lachisindikizo ndi chisindikizo cha zilembo ziwiri, zomwe zingalepheretse kuwerenga molakwika ndikulumikiza zilembo ziwiri za dzinalo kukhala chimodzi. Njirayi ndikuyika mawu oti "Yin" pansi pa dzina lakumanja, ndi zilembo ziwiri za dzina loyamba kumanzere. Ngati muwerenga mu lupu, idzakhala "dzina lachimuna limasindikizidwa kuti-ndi-chakuti" m'malo mwa "surname imasindikizidwa kuti-ndi-chakuti"

“. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zilembo zinayi "chisindikizo cha Wang Cong" zalembedwa nthawi zonse popanda palindrome, zitha kulakwika kuti ndi dzina loti Wang Ming Cong, ndipo sizikuwoneka kuti dzina lake ndi Wang Ming Cong. Kuwerenga kopingasa kwa zisindikizo ndi zosindikizira zomangika ndizosowa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mayina audindo ndi malo. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti “Sikong” amalembedwa pamwamba pomwe mawu akuti “Zhi” amalembedwa pansi. Izi zimatchedwa chisindikizo chowerengera pamtanda, chomwe chimapangidwa mwadongosolo la diagonal. Werengani. Kwa zilembo zinayi, munthu woyamba ali kumtunda kumanja, wachiwiri ali kumunsi kumanzere, wachitatu ali kumtunda kumanzere, ndipo wachinayi ali kumunsi kumanja. Mwachitsanzo, munthu "Yang" ali pakona yakumanja. Pansi pa mawu oti “jin”, mawu akuti “lv” ali kumanzere kwa liwu lakuti “yi”, koma n’zosavuta kuliwerenga molakwika ngati “yijinyangyin” kapena “yiyinjinyang”.

6. Chisindikizo cha mabuku ndi chisindikizo chosonkhanitsa. Calligraphy ndi kusindikiza zinali zotchuka kwambiri m'nthawi zakale. Zisindikizo zadongo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku Qin ndi Han Dynasties mpaka ku Dynasties ya Kumwera ndi Kumpoto. Kuseri kwa chidindo chadongo kunali chidindo, koma nthawi zambiri ndi dzina lokha lomwe linkagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pake, zisindikizozo zinali "wina ananena chinachake", "wina analengeza chinachake", "wina sananene kanthu", "wina anaima kaye", "wina mwaulemu anakhala chete", etc. Izi zonse ndi zisindikizo mabuku. Chisindikizo chosonkhanitsa ndi chisindikizo chosonkhanitsa zojambula ndi zolemba, zomwe zinayamba mu Mzera wa Tang. Mfumu Taizong ya Mzera wa Tang anali ndi chidindo chopitilira zilembo ziwiri "Zhenguan", ndipo Emperor Xuanzong wa Mzera wa Tang anali ndi chidindo chamagulu awiri "Gongyuan". Ngakhale kuti zisindikizo ziwirizi zilibe zizindikiro, zimakhala zamtundu wodziwika ndipo ndi zisindikizo zoyambirira kwambiri. Pambuyo pa Mzera wa Nyimbo, zomwe zili mu zidindo zoyesa zidakhala zolemera, ndipo zojambula ndi zida zogwiritsiridwa ntchito zinali zokongola kwambiri. Iwo anali ndi chizoloŵezi chopeza ena ndipo ankakondedwa ndi osonkhanitsa. Kachiwiri, kufalitsidwa kwa ma calligraphy akale amtengo wapatali ndi zojambula kungathenso kutsimikiziridwa kudzera mu chisindikizo cha osonkhanitsa. Mawuwa akuphatikizapo “chosonkhanitsa cha munthu”, “chiyamikiro cha munthu”, “mlembi wa zithunzi wa nyumba inayake (tang, holo, pavilion) m’chigawo chinachake” ndi zina zotero. Zisindikizo zambiri zimaphatikizaponso zisindikizo zozindikiritsa.

7. Yade chisindikizo. Pakati pa zipangizo zosindikizira, yade ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Kapangidwe kake ndi koyera komanso konyowa, kopanda fungo kapena phosphorous, ndipo kumatha kuwonongeka kapena kusweka popanda kuwononga kapangidwe kake. Choncho, anthu akale ankakonda kuvala zisindikizo za jade, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njonda imavala yade ndipo kukhazikika kwa yade kudzayamikiridwa. Mkulu wa jade ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Pofuna kunyenga msika ndikupeza phindu, amalonda ena nthawi zambiri amaika yade yatsopano mu poto yokazinga ndikuyiyika kuti iwoneke patina.

8. Sitampu yachitsulo. Amatanthauza zisindikizo zolembedwa ndi golidi, siliva, mkuwa, mtovu, chitsulo ndi zitsulo zina. Maonekedwe a golide ndi siliva ndi ofewa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mpeni, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti m'mphepete mwa burashi muwoneke. Choncho, mkuwa nthawi zambiri umasakanizidwa ndi mkuwa popanga zidindo, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzipanga, komanso zosavuta kuzilemba. Nthawi zambiri, zidindo zambiri za golidi ndi siliva zimakutidwa ndi golidi ndi siliva, ndipo golide woyenga bwino ndi siliva woyenga ndi osowa. Golide ndi siliva m'zisindikizo zovomerezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa magiredi, pomwe golidi ndi siliva sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pazisindikizo zachinsinsi. Popeza kuti zosindikizira za golidi ndi siliva n’zovuta kuzilemba pa mpeniwo ndiponso zolembedwa pamanja n’zofewa komanso zakuthwa, sizili zamtengo wapatali pa nkhani ya kusonkhanitsa ndi kuyamikira. Chisindikizo chamkuwa chili ndi calligraphy yolimba yokhala ndi mikanda yakumbuyo. Kumbali ya njira, pali tchiling ndi chosema, ndipo palinso golide ndi siliva. zidindo zomatira zamtovu ndi zachitsulo zinali zosowa m'nthaŵi zakale kusiyapo zidindo zazikulu kwambiri. M'nthawi ya Ming Dynasty, owerengera achifumu adagwiritsa ntchito zisindikizo zachitsulo kuwonetsa kukhulupirika kwawo komanso kudzikonda kwawo. Komabe, chitsulo nchosavuta kuchita dzimbiri ndi kuchita dzimbiri, kotero kuti ndi ochepa chabe amene anapatsira.

9. Zojambula za minyanga ya njovu ndi zodinda za mafupa a chipembere. Zisindikizo za mano zinali zisindikizo zovomerezeka mu Mzera wa Han, koma zisindikizo zapadera zinkapangidwa makamaka pambuyo pa Mzera wa Nyimbo. Anapangidwa ndi minyanga ya njovu, yomwe ndi yofewa, yolimba komanso yamafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mpeni. Ngati zolembazo zalembedwa zofiira, kuthwa kwa brushwork kumawonekerabe, pamene zolembedwa zoyera zalembedwa, palibe mzimu. Choncho, osema zisindikizo ndi osonkhanitsa sakonda kwambiri zizindikiro za mano. Minyanga ya njovu imanunkhira bwino kwa anthu, ndipo ikakumana ndi mkodzo wa makoswe, mawanga akuda amawonekera nthawi yomweyo, mpaka pansi, ndipo sangathe kuchotsedwa. Ndimawopanso kutentha ndi thukuta, choncho sindivala nthawi zambiri ngakhale pali zizindikiro za mano. Chipembere nyanga chisindikizo, okha Han Mafumu zikwi ziwiri miyala anayi

Baishiguan amagwiritsa ntchito nyanga ya chipembere chakuda ngati chisindikizo chake, ndipo samagwiritsa ntchito china chilichonse. Maonekedwe ake ndi okhuthala komanso ofewa, ndipo amatha kupunduka pakapita nthawi. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito mafupa ndi nyanga za ng’ombe ndi nkhosa ngati zidindo. Izi ndizodziwika kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi zisindikizo zovomerezeka ndi mabanja olemera. Zolemba zofunikira sizinapezekebe, kotero sizikudziwika kuti zinayamba liti. “

10. Chisindikizo cha Crystal, agate ndi zisindikizo zina. Maonekedwe a kristalo ndi olimba komanso osasunthika, kotero sikophweka kusema. Zidzathyoka ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono, ndipo mawu olembedwa adzakhala oterera ndi osamveka. Maonekedwe a agate ndi ovuta kuposa asanu, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kulembapo pakati pa zipangizo zonse zosindikizira. Zolembazo zikuwoneka ngati zakuthwa komanso zopanda kukongola. Zisindikizo za porcelain zidawonekera koyamba mu Mzera wa Tang ndipo zidafala kwambiri mu Ufumu wa Nyimbo. Ndizovuta komanso zovuta kuzisema. Makorali ndi osavuta kusweka, pomwe yade ndi yosavuta kusweka komanso kulimba. Mwachidule, kristalo ndi zisindikizo zina sizosavuta kusema, ndipo kupanga zisindikizo kwenikweni ndi theka la khama ndi kuyesetsa kawiri. Osonkhanitsa ndi odziwa bwino amangosewera nawo ngati mtundu wokongoletsera.

11. Chisindikizo chamatabwa cha bamboo. Zisindikizo zamatabwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopangidwa ndi boxwood, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzidula komanso zosamasuka. Mizu, mizu ya nsungwi, tsinde la vwende, nsonga za zipatso, ndi zina zotere zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pozokota. Sankhani nsungwi yokhala ndi mizu yowongoka, yopyapyala komanso yopanda ming'alu. Ngati mtunda wa pakati pa mfundo ziwirizo uli woyenera ndipo mizu ya mizu imagawidwa nthawi zonse, idzakhala yokongola kwambiri komanso yoyenera kusungidwa. Ponena za pachimake, mbewu za azitona zochokera ku Guangdong ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri (mbewu za azitona ndi zazikulu kuposa azitona ndipo sizidyedwa). Amakhala olimba m'mapangidwe, pomwe ena ambiri ndi ofewa. Amangodulidwa ndi kusema, koma n'zovuta kuzindikira bwino kukongola kwa kujambula kwa chisindikizo. Zisindikizo zamatabwa za bamboo zimatha kujambulidwa m'mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ntchito zamanja ndi zisindikizo kukhala chimodzi, kotero iwonso ndi osiyanasiyana otolera ndi odziwa zinthu.

12. Tsekani batani ndi riboni yosindikiza. Kuphulika kwakukulu kumbuyo kwa chisindikizo chokhala ndi mabowo opangira malamba amatchedwa batani losindikizira. Maonekedwe a batani losindikizira loyambirira anali osavuta, okhala ndi mawonekedwe okwera okha ojambulidwa kumbuyo ndi bowo kudutsa. Mibadwo yotsatira idatcha "batani la mphuno". Ndi chitukuko cha teknoloji yosindikizira ndi kujambula, kupanga mabatani osindikizira kwakhala kokongola kwambiri, ndipo pali mitundu yambiri. Zambiri mwa izo ndi nyama monga nyama, tizilombo, ndi nsomba, monga mabatani a chinjoka, mabatani a akambuku, mabatani a chi, mabatani a kamba, ndi mabatani a mizimu yoipa. Palinso mabatani opindika, mabatani owongoka, mabatani a kasupe (ndalama zakale zamkuwa), mabatani a matailosi, mabatani a mlatho, mabatani a ndowa, mabatani a guwa, ndi zina zotero. Zisindikizo zina zilibe mabatani, ndipo zimalembedwa ndi maonekedwe ndi ziwerengero kuzungulira chisindikizo, chomwe chiri. wotchedwa "Bo Yi" - woonda komanso wokongola. Riboni yosindikizira ndi lamba wovala pa batani la zala, lomwe linkapangidwa makamaka ndi thonje m'nthawi zakale. Pambuyo pa Dynasties ya Qin ndi Han, kusiyana kwa mitundu ya zisindikizo zovomerezeka ndi maliboni kunali ndi kusiyana kwa kalasi ndipo sikungathe kupitilizidwa.

Mwachidule, kusonkhanitsa ndi kuyamikira zisindikizo nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo zinthu zitatu: mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo zosindikizira, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndi zolembalemba. Mitundu ya zipangizo zosindikizira zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe makamaka amaphatikizapo pamwamba pa chisindikizo ndi batani losindikizira, pamene zilembo zodulidwa zisindikizo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a Chitchaina akale, chisindikizo chachikulu (籀), chosindikizira chaching'ono, malemba asanu ndi atatu, ndi malemba asanu ndi limodzi. Pankhani ya chithumwa, tiyeneranso kuyang'ana ngati kudula chisindikizo kwa munthu aliyense mu chisindikizocho ndi chogwirizana (njira yosindikizira), kaya masanjidwewo ndi omveka, okongola, komanso a buku (njira yopangira), ngati sitiroko iliyonse ili ndi mzimu. ndi kuyenda, mwaulemu komanso mokongola, kapena osasunthika (njira ya brushwork), Kaya mphamvu ya mpeni ili yoyenera ikuwonetseratu kuthwa kwa burashi ndi chithumwa cha calligraphy. Komanso ngati kuya kwa kusema kuli koyenera (njira ya lupanga), njira zinayi zimenezi zimaphatikizaponso chidziwitso chapadera cha kusema chidindo.