Ruzivo rwekutanga nezvezvisimbiso

Zvisimbiso zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwemukati, uye maitiro avo anosiyana neakasiyana ekuisa chisimbiso. Kunewo mazwi akasiyana-siyana ekugadzira nzira. Kunzwisisa ruzivo urwu kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuunganidza uye kuonga. Heino sumo pfupi yeimwe pfungwa.

1. Yin (white) chisimbiso, Yang (zhu) chisimbiso, Yin uye Yang chisimbiso. Mavara kana mifananidzo iri pachisimbiso ine zvimiro zviviri: concave uye convex. Iwo ari kumativi mana anonzi maYin mavara (anonziwo mavara echikadzi), uye akapesana anonzi maYang. Zvisinei, mazita ekare ekare anopesana neazvino, nokuti vanhu vekare vakadana zvinyorwa zveYin neYang maererano nechiratidzo chechisimbiso pamatope ekuisa chisimbiso. Manyoro eYin anoratidzwa padhaka rekuisa chisimbiso ndeye Yang script pachisimbiso; iyo Yang script pamatope ekusimbisa ndeyeYang. Chisimbiso chakanyorwa nezvakanyorwa. Naizvozvo, kuitira kudzivirira kusanzwisisana, iyo Yin script inonzi Baiwen uye Yang script inonzi Zhuwen. Zvimwe zvisimbiso zvinosanganiswa nemavara machena uye matsvuku, anonzi "zhubaijianwenseal". Kazhinji, zvisimbiso zvekare kazhinji zvisimbiso zvichena, mafonti akashongedzwa uye echinyakare, manyorero akasimba, uye mapinduriro anofanirwa kupedzwa mune imwe chete. Mafonti eBaiwenyin anowanzo kukora asi asina kuzvimba, akatetepa asi akasvava, ari nyore kushandisa, anoyevedza pachisikirwo, uye mazhinji anodzivirira manyepo. Zhuwenyin akatanga muMatanhatu Dynasties uye akave akakurumbira muTang uye Song Dynasties. Mafonti anoyevedza uye anoyevedza, uye shamhu dzakanyatsobuda pachena, asi manyorero haafanire kuve akakora, sezvo roughness ichaita seyakaoma.

2. Kukandira nekuchekeresa. Metal seals, angave epamutemo kana ega, anowanzo kuvezwa kubva muvhu obva anyungudutswa achishandisa jecha rekukanda kana nzira dzekudhirowa wakisi. Izvi zvinonzi "cast seal". Zvisimbiso zvakawanda zvekare zvakakandwa pamwe chete nechisimbiso chinyorwa. Zvisimbiso zvisiri zvesimbi zvakaita sejade hazvigone kunyungudutswa uye zvinogona kungochekwa nebanga. Kunewo zvisimbiso zvesimbi zvinotanga kukandwa zvozoiswa chisimbiso chinyorwa. Mhando iyi yechisimbiso inowanzonzi "chisel seal." Zvisimbiso zvakavharwa zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvakatsvinda uye zvakakasharara. Zvimwe zvisimbiso zvepamutemo zvakachekwa nekuchimbidza ndokushandiswa zvisina kumirira kuti modhi ivharwe, saka zvakanzi "Jijiuzhang".

3. Kudhinda kwemativi maviri, kudhindwa kwemativi akawanda, uye kudhindwa kwemativi maviri. Rimwe divi rakatemerwa mashoko uye rimwe divi rakatemerwa zita racho, kana rimwe divi rakatemerwa zita uye rimwe divi rakatemerwa zita renzvimbo, kana rimwe divi rakatemerwa zita uye rimwe divi rakatemerwa naro. mazwi akanaka, mifananidzo, nezvimwewo. Avo vane zvisimbiso zvakatemerwa mativi ose vanonzi zvisimbiso zvine mativi maviri. Multi-sided printing ndiyo inofananidzira. Kudhinda kwemativi maviri uye kudhindwa kwakasiyana-siyana kazhinji hakuna mabhatani, uye buri diki chete ndiro rinoboorwa nepakati rekupinza bhandi, saka rinodaidzwa zvakare kuti "bhandi printing". Zvisimbiso zviviri kana kupfuura zvakarongedzerwa pamwechete kuti zvigone kutakurika zvinodaidzwa kuti “multiple seals” kana kuti “overprints.”

4. Zita chisimbiso, chisimbiso chezwi, chisimbiso chezita, uye chisimbiso chese. Vekare vaitenda kuti zvisimbiso chiratidzo chechikwereti, saka vaishandisa zita rechisimbiso sechisimbiso chepamutemo uye izwi chisimbiso sechisimbiso chisina basa chezvinangwa zvakasiyana. Zita rechisimbiso rinoreva kuti zita chete rakanyorwa. Kazhinji, "chisimbiso", "chisimbiso tsamba", "chisimbiso" uye "zhi chisimbiso" chinowedzerwa pasi pezita. Mazwi okuti “private seal” nemamwe mazwi haashandiswe, asi izwi rekuti “shi” nemamwe mavara asina basa haashandiswe. Kuashandisa kunoratidza kusaremekedza. Ziyin inonziwo tafura Ziyin. MuHan naJin Dynasties, mavara anofanira kunge akabatanidzwa nezita rekupedzisira, uye vazukuru vanogona kunge vakabatana kana kuti kwete. Kazhinji, chete izwi rekuti "Yin" kana zita rekupedzisira rinowedzerwa pachisimbiso chehunhu, senge "Zhao Shi Zi'ang". Mazita nemavara akatemerwa muchisimbiso chimwe anonzi “zita rakasanganiswa zvisimbiso”. Kune zvakare avo vanonyora nzvimbo yekuzvarwa, surname, zita rakapihwa, zita, zita, chinzvimbo, chinzvimbo chepamutemo, nezvimwe mune chimwe chisimbiso, icho chinonzi "general chisimbiso".

5. Parindrome kudhinda, chinjikira kuverenga kudhinda, uye interlaced kudhinda. Palindrome inoshandiswa kubata nezita chisimbiso uye hunhu chisimbiso chemavara maviri, izvo zvinogona kudzivirira kuverenga zvisirizvo uye kubatanidza mavara maviri ezita mune rimwe. Iyo nzira ndeyekuisa izwi rekuti "Yin" pasi pezita rekurudyi, uye mavara maviri ezita rekutanga kuruboshwe. Kana ukaiverenga muchiuno, inenge ichinzi “surname inodhindwa pana nhingi-nhingi” pane kuti “surname inodhindwa pana nhingi-nhingi”

“. Semuenzaniso, kana mavara mana "chisimbiso chaWang Cong" akatemerwa zvakajairwa pasina palindrome, zvinogona kukanganisa zviri nyore sezita rekuti Wang Ming Cong, uye hazvionekwe kuti surname ndiWang Ming Cong. Kuverengera kwakachinjika kwezvisimbiso uye kupindirana zvinyorwa zvisimbiso hazviwanzo kuwanikwa. Kazhinji, inongoshandiswa kunyora mazita epamutemo uye mazita enzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti “Sikong” rakatemerwa pamusoro uye shoko rokuti “Zhi” rakatemerwa pasi. Ichi chinodaidzwa kuti chisimbiso chekuverenga-muchinjika, icho chinoitwa muchidimbu. Verenga. Pamavara mana, rekutanga riri kumusoro kurudyi, rechipiri riri kuruboshwe rezasi, rechitatu riri kumusoro kuruboshwe, uye rechina riri kurudyi rezasi. Semuenzaniso, chimiro "Yang" chiri mukona yepamusoro yekurudyi. Pasi pezwi rekuti “jin”, izwi rekuti “lv” riri kuruboshwe rweizwi rekuti “yi”, asi zviri nyore kuriverenga zvisirizvo se“yijinyangyin” kana “yiyinjinyang”.

6. Chisimbiso chebhuku uye chisimbiso chekuunganidza. Calligraphy uye kudhinda zvaive zvakakurumbira munguva dzekare. Zvisimbiso zvevhu zvakashandiswa kubva kuQin neHan Dynasties kusvika kuMaodzanyemba neNorth Dynasties. Paiva nechisimbiso kuseri kwechisimbiso chevhu, asi kazhinji chisimbiso chezita chete ndicho chaishandiswa. Gare gare, zvisimbiso zvaive "mumwe munhu akataura chimwe chinhu", "mumwe munhu akazivisa chimwe chinhu", "mumwe munhu haana chaakataura", "mumwe munhu akamira", "mumwe munhu anoremekedza akanyarara", nezvimwewo izvi zvose zvisimbiso zvebhuku. Chisimbiso chekuunganidza chisimbiso chekuunganidza mifananidzo uye calligraphy, iyo yakatanga muTang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong weTang Dynasty aive nechisimbiso chine mavara maviri chinoenderera "Zhenguan", uye Emperor Xuanzong weTang Dynasty aive nemavara maviri ane rectangular chisimbiso "Gongyuan". Kunyangwe zvisimbiso zviviri izvi zvisina kunyorwa zvisimbiso, ndezvemhando yekuzivikanwa uye ndizvo zvisimbiso zvekutanga. Mushure meHumambo hweRwiyo, zviri mukati mezvisimbiso zvekuongorora zvakawedzera, uye zvisimbiso zvakavezwa uye zvinhu zvaishandiswa zvaive zvakanakisa. Vaiva nekatsika kekuda kubata vamwe uye vaifarirwa nevaunganidzi. Chechipiri, kutenderera kwekare yakakosha calligraphy uye pendi inogona zvakare kusimbiswa kuburikidza nechisimbiso chemuunganidzi. Chinyorwa chacho chinosanganisira “kuunganidza kwomunhu”, “kutenda kwomunhu”, “munyori wemifananidzo weimwe imba (tang, hall, pavilion) mune imwe dunhu” zvichingodaro. Zvisimbiso zvakawanda zvinosanganisirawo zvisimbiso zvekuzivikanwa.

7. Jade chisimbiso. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvekudhinda, jade ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Mamiriro ayo akachena uye akanyorova, kwete abrasive kana phosphorous, uye anogona kukuvadzwa kana kutyoka pasina kuparadza maitiro ayo. Naizvozvo, vanhu vekare vaifarira kupfeka zvisimbiso zvejade, izvo zvaireva kuti munyoro aizopfeka jade uye kusimba kwejade kwaizoongwa. Iyo jade yakakura, iyo inodhura zvakanyanya. Kuti vanyengedze misika uye vaite purofiti, vamwe vatengesi vanowanzoisa jade itsva mupani yekukasira uye fry kuti iite se patina.

8. Chitambi chesimbi. Zvinoreva zvisimbiso zvakatemerwa negoridhe, sirivheri, mhangura, mutobvu, simbi nedzimwe simbi. Mamiriro egoridhe nesirivheri akanyanya kupfava, zvichiita kuti zviome kushandisa banga, uye zvakanyanya kuoma kuti bhurashi kumucheto kuoneke. Nokudaro, mhangura inowanzosanganiswa nemhangura pakugadzira zvisimbiso, izvo zvisiri nyore kuumba chete, asiwo zviri nyore kunyora. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvisimbiso zvizhinji zvendarama nesirivha zvakanamirwa nendarama nesirivha, uye ndarama chaiyo nesirivha chaiyo hazviwanzowanikwi. Ndarama nesirivha muzvisimbiso zvepamutemo zvinoshandiswa kusiyanisa mamakisi, nepo goridhe nesirivha zvisinganyanyi kushandiswa muzvisimbiso zvepachivande. Sezvo zvisimbiso zvegoridhe nesirivha zvakaoma kunyora pabanga uye runyoro rwakapfava uye rwakapinza, hazvina kukosha kukuru kubva pakuona kwekuunganidza uye kuonga. Chisimbiso chemhangura chine calligraphy yakasimba ine musana. Panyaya dzemitoo, pane kuchekwa nekunyora, uye kunewo goridhe nesirivha. Zvisimbiso zvomutobvu nezvisimbiso zvesimbi zvakanga zvisingawanzowaniki munguva dzekare kunze kwezvidhindo zvihombe. MuMing Dynasty, maemperial censors akashandisa zvisimbiso zvesimbi kuratidza kutendeka kwavo uye kusazvipira. Zvisinei, iron iri nyore kuita ngura uye kuita ngura, saka shoma dzacho dzakapfuudzwa.

9. Madhindi enzou uye mabhonzo ezvipembere. Zvisimbiso zvemazino zvaive zvisimbiso zvepamutemo muHan Dynasty, asi zvisimbiso zvepachivande zvainyanya kuitwa mushure meRwiyo Rwenziyo. Dzakanga dzakagadzirwa nenyanga dzenzou, dzakapfava, dzakasimba uye dzakafuta, zvichiita kuti zviome kushandisa banga. Kana zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa mutsvuku, kupinza kwebrashi kunogona kuonekwa, asi kana zvinyorwa zvichena zvakanyorwa, hapana mweya. Naizvozvo, vavezi vezvisimbiso uye vaunganidzi havakoshesi zvibodzwa zvezino zvakanyanya. Nyau dzenzou dzinonhuhwirira vanhu, uye kana dzasangana neweti yemakonzo, mavara matema anozoonekwa pakarepo, pasi chaipo, uye haambobviswi. Ini ndinotyawo kupisa uye dikita, saka handiwanzoipfeka kunyangwe paine mavanga emazino. Rhinoceros nyanga chisimbiso, chete Han Dynasty zviuru zviviri matombo mana

Baishiguan anoshandisa nyanga yechipembere nhema sechisimbiso chayo, uye haawanzoshandisa chimwe chinhu. Mamiriro ayo akakora uye akapfava, uye anozoremara nekufamba kwenguva. Vamwe vanoshandisa mapfupa nenyanga dzemombe nemakwai sezvidhindo. Izvi zvinonyanya kufarirwa pakati pevanhu. Kashoma kushandiswa nezvisimbiso zvepamutemo uye mhuri dzakapfuma. Marekodhi akakodzera haasati awanikwa, saka hazvizivikanwe kuti zvakatanga riini. “

10. Crystal seal, agate nezvimwe zvisimbiso. Kugadzirwa kwekristaro kwakaoma uye kwakaoma, saka hazvisi nyore kuveza. Ichaputsika kana ukashandisa simba shoma, uye mashoko akanyorwa anotsvedza uye asinganzwisisike. Mamiriro eagate akaoma kudarika mashanu, uye ndicho chinhu chakanyanya kuoma kunyora pachiri pakati pezvinhu zvese zvinodhinda. Runyoro rwakanyorwa runoratidzika kuva rwakapinza uye haruna kunaka. Zvisimbiso zvePorcelain zvakatanga kuoneka muTang Dynasty uye zvakawedzera kupararira muRwiyo Rwenziyo. Dzakaoma uye dzakaoma kuveza. Coral iri nyore kupaza, nepo jade iri nyore kupwanya uye yakaoma. Muchidimbu, kristaro nezvimwe zvisimbiso hazvisi nyore kuveza, uye kugadzira zvisimbiso chaizvoizvo hafu yekuedza nekaviri kuedza. Vaunganidzi nevanoziva vanongotamba navo semhando yekushongedza.

11. Bamboo huni chisimbiso. Zvisimbiso zvehuni zvinowanzogadzirwa neboxwood, iyo iri nyore kucheka uye kwete kusununguka. Midzi, bamboo midzi, mavise madzinde, michero cores, nezvimwe zvinogona zvakare kushandiswa kunyora. Sarudza bamboo nemidzi yakatwasuka, yakatetepa uye isina mitswe. Kana kureba pakati pemanodhi maviri kwakakodzera uye midzi yemidzi inogara ichigoverwa, ichave yakanaka kwazvo uye yakakodzera kukoshesa. Kana zviri zvepakati, mhodzi dzemuorivhi kubva kuGuangdong ndidzo dzinodhura (mbeu dzemuorivhi dzakakura kupfuura maorivhi uye hadzidyike). Iwo akaoma mukugadzirwa, nepo mamwe mazhinji akapfava. Vanogona kutemwa chete uye kuvezwa, asi zvakaoma kunyatsoona kunaka kwechisimbiso kuveza. Bamboo huni zvisimbiso zvinogona kuvezwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kubatanidza zvigadzirwa zvemaoko uye zvisimbiso mune imwe, saka ivo variwo ruzhinji rwevateresi uye connoisseurs.

12. Chisimbiso bhatani uye chisimbiso ribhoni. Kukwirira kwepamusoro kuseri kwechisimbiso kune maburi ekupinza mabhandi kunonzi bhatani rechisimbiso. Chimiro chebhatani rechisimbiso chepakutanga chaive chakapfava, chine chimiro chakasimudzwa chete chakavezwa kumusana uye buri rakachinjika. Zvizvarwa zvakazozvidaidza kuti "bhatani remhuno". Nekuvandudzwa kwechisimbiso uye kunyora tekinoroji, kugadzirwa kwemabhatani echisimbiso kwawedzera uye kwakawedzera kunaka, uye kune akawanda uye akawanda marudzi. Zvizhinji zvacho imhuka dzakadai semhuka, tumbuyu, nehove, semabhatani eshato, mabhatani etiger, mabhatani echi, mabhatani ekamba, uye mabhatani emidzimu yakaipa. Kune zvakare mabhatani akakomberedzwa, mabhatani akatwasuka, mabhatani echitubu (mari yemhangura yekare), mabhatani etaira, mabhatani ebhiriji, mabhakiti emugomo, mabhatani eatari, etc. Zvimwe zvisimbiso hazvina mabhatani, uye zvakanyorwa nemavara nenhamba dzakatenderedza chisimbiso, chinova. inonzi "Bo Yi" - yakaonda uye inoyevedza. Ribhoni yechisimbiso ibhandi raipfekwa pabhatani remunwe, iro rainyanya kugadzirwa nekotoni munguva dzekare. Mushure meQin neHan Dynasties, misiyano yemavara yezvisimbiso zvepamutemo uye ribhoni yaive nemisiyano yegiredhi uye yaisagona kudarika.

Muchidimbu, kuunganidzwa uye kukoshesa kwezvisimbiso kunowanzo sanganisira zvinhu zvitatu: zvakasiyana-siyana zvechisimbiso zvinhu, chimiro chechimiro uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Mhando dzezvinyorwa zvekudhinda dzakatsanangurwa zvakadzama. Mamiriro echimiro anonyanya kusanganisira nzvimbo yechisimbiso uye bhatani rechisimbiso, nepo mavara akachekwa-chisimbiso anosiyaniswa muchimiro kubva kuChinese yekare, script hombe chisimbiso (籀), diki chisimbiso script, sere-muviri script, uye matanhatu-muviri script. Panyaya yerunako, isu tinodawo kutarisa kuti kuchekwa kwechisimbiso kwemunhu wega wega muchisimbiso kwakabatana (chisimbiso nzira), ingave marongerwo ane musoro, akanaka, uye novel (kuumbwa nzira), kana sitiroko imwe neimwe izere nemweya. uye kuyerera, kwakadzikama uye kwakanaka, kana kumire (brushwork nzira), Kana simba rebanga rakakodzera rinonyatsoratidza kupinza kwebhurashi uye kukwezva kwecalligraphy. Uyewo kana kudzika kwekuveza kwakakodzera (unyanzvi hwebakatwa), unyanzvi huna uhwu hunosanganisirawo ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekuveza chisimbiso.