Ulwazi olusisiseko malunga namatywina

Izitywina zinemixholo ebanzi, kwaye iimpawu zazo ziyahluka ngezixhobo zokutywina ezahlukeneyo. Kukho namagama ahlukeneyo eendlela zokukrola. Ukuqonda olu lwazi luncedo olukhulu ekuqokeleleni nasekuxabiseni. Nantsi intshayelelo emfutshane yengqiqo ethile.

1. Yin (emhlophe) itywina, iYang (zhu) itywina, iYin kunye neYang seal. Iimpawu okanye imifanekiso ekwitywina ineemilo ezimbini: iconcave kunye neconvex. Ezi kumacala amane zibizwa ngokuba ngabalinganiswa beYin (abakwabizwa ngokuba ngabalinganiswa ababhinqileyo), kwaye abachasene nabo babizwa ngokuba ngabalinganiswa bakaYang. Nangona kunjalo, i-nomenclature yamandulo ichasene nale yangoku, kuba abadala babiza i-Yin kunye ne-Yang scripts ngokophawu lwesitywina eludakeni lokutywinwa. Umbhalo weYin oboniswe eludakeni lokutywinwa ngumbhalo weYang kwitywina; umbhalo weYang eludakeni lokutywina yiYang. Isitywina sibhalwe ngemibhalo. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme ukungaqondi kakuhle, iskripthi seYin sibizwa ngokuba yiBaiwen kwaye i-Yang script ibizwa ngokuba nguZhuwen. Amanye amatywina axutywe neempawu ezimhlophe nezibomvu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi "zhubaijianwenseal". Ngokubanzi, amatywina amandulo ubukhulu becala ngamatywina amhlophe, iifonti zintle kwaye zindala, indlela yokubhala yomelele, kwaye iindawo ezijikayo kufuneka zigqitywe ngexesha elinye. Iifonti ze-Baiwenyin zityebile ngokubanzi kodwa azidumbanga, zibhityile kodwa zibunile, kulula ukuzisebenzisa, zintle ngokwendalo, kwaye uninzi luyayiphepha i-artificiality. UZhuwenyin waqala kwiiDynasties eziThandathu kwaye waduma kwiTang kunye neNgoma Dynasties. Iifonti zinhle kwaye zintle, kwaye imivumbo ityhilwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ukubhala akufuneki kube ngqindilili, njengoko uburhabaxa buya kujongeka bubambekile.

2. Ukuphosa kunye nokutshiza. Amatywina esinyithi, nokuba asemthethweni okanye abucala, aqhele ukukrolwa ngodongwe aze anyibilikiswe kusetyenziswa ukubunjwa kwesanti okanye iindlela zokuzoba umthwebeba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba "litywina elityhidiweyo". Uninzi lwamatywina amandulo lwaphoswa kunye nombhalo wetywina. Izitywina ezingezizo ezentsimbi ezifana nejeyidi azinakunyibilikiswa kwaye zinokucocwa kuphela ngemela. Kukwakho nezitywina zentsimbi eziphoswa kuqala zize zitshizwe ngombhalo wetywina. Olu hlobo lwetywina ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yichisel seal.” Amatywina acoliweyo anokwahlulwa abe acocekileyo narhabaxa. Amanye amatywina asemthethweni akhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye asetyenziswa ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba imodeli itywinwe, ngoko ke abizwa ngokuba yi "Jijiuzhang".

3. Ushicilelo olunamacala amabini, ushicilelo olunamacala amaninzi, kunye noshicilelo olunamacala amabini. Elinye icala libhalwe amagama lize elinye likrolwe igama, okanye elinye icala likrolwe igama kwaye elinye icala likrolwe ngesihloko sendawo, okanye elinye icala likrolwe ngegama elinye icala likrolwe ngalo. amagama amnandi, imifanekiso, njl. Ezo zinamatywina akrolwe macala omabini abizwa ngokuba ngamatywina anamacala amabini. Ushicilelo olunamacala amaninzi lufaniso. Ushicilelo olunamacala amabini kunye noshicilelo olunamacala amaninzi alunabo amaqhosha, kwaye kuphela umngxuma omncinci ogrunjwayo phakathi ukuze kufakwe ibhanti, ngoko ke ikwabizwa ngokuba “yi-banding printing”. Amatywina amabini nangaphezulu abekwe kunye ukuze aphatheke abizwa ngokuba “zitywina ezininzi” okanye “iiprinta ezingaphezulu.”

4. Igama lokutywina, igama elitywiniweyo, igama elidityanisiweyo, kunye netywina ngokubanzi. Abantu bakudala babekholelwa ukuba amatywina aluphawu lokuthenga ngetyala, ngenxa yoko basebenzisa igama elithi itywina njengetywina elisemthethweni kunye negama elithi itywina njengetywina elingasebenziyo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Igama itywina lithetha kuphela igama elikroliweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuphela "itywina", "ileta yokutywina", "itywina" kunye ne "zhi seal" yongezwa phantsi kwegama. Amagama athi “itywina labucala” namanye amagama awasetyenziswa, kodwa igama elithi “shi” namanye amagama angasebenziyo awasetyenziswa. Ukuzisebenzisa kubonisa ukungabi nantlonelo. I-Ziyin ikwabizwa ngokuba yitafile iZiyin. Kwi-Han kunye ne-Jin Dynasties, abalinganiswa kufuneka badibaniswe nefani, kwaye inzala inokudibaniswa okanye cha. Ngokubanzi, kuphela igama elithi "Yin" okanye igama lokugqibela elifakwe kwisitywina somlinganiswa, njenge "Zhao Shi Zi'ang". Amagama kunye noonobumba abakrolwe kwisitywina esinye babizwa ngokuba “zitywina ezidityanisiweyo ngamagama”. Kukwakho nalawo akrola indawo yokuzalwa, ifani, igama elinikiweyo, igama, isihloko, isikhundla esisemthethweni, njl.njl kwitywina elinye, elibizwa ngokuba “litywina ngokubanzi”.

5. Ukuprintwa kwe-Palindrome, ukuprintwa kokufunda okuthe tye, kunye noshicilelo oludibeneyo. I-Palindrome isetyenziselwa ukujongana negama lokutywinwa kunye netywina lomlinganiswa wabalinganiswa ababini, abanokuthintela ukufunda kakubi kunye nokudibanisa abalinganiswa ababini begama kwelinye. Indlela yokubeka igama elithi "Yin" phantsi kwefani ekunene, kunye nabalinganiswa ababini begama lokuqala ngasekhohlo. Ukuba uyayifunda kwi-loop, iya kuba "ifani iprintwe ku-baze" endaweni yokuthi "ifani iprintwe ku-baze-"

“. Umzekelo, ukuba abalinganiswa abane "itywina likaWang Cong" bakrolwe ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kwe-palindrome, kunokuba lula ukuphosakela ifani kaWang Ming Cong, kwaye akunakubonwa ukuba ifani nguWang Ming Cong. Ukufundwa okuthe tyaba kwetywina kunye nokutywinwa okubhaliweyo okudibeneyo kunqabile kakhulu. Ngokubanzi, isetyenziselwa kuphela ukukrola izihloko ezisemthethweni kunye namagama eendawo. Umzekelo, igama elithi "Sikong" likrolwe phezulu kwaye igama elithi "Zhi" likrolwe emazantsi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba litywina lokufunda ngokunqamlezayo, elenziwe ngokulandelelana kwediagonal. Funda. Ngoonobumba abane, umlinganiswa wokuqala ungasentla ekunene, owesibini usezantsi ngasekhohlo, owesithathu ungasentla ekhohlo, aze owesine angasekunene asezantsi. Umzekelo, umlinganiswa "Yang" ukwikona ephezulu ngasekunene. Phantsi kwegama elithi “jin”, igama elithi “lv” lisekhohlo kwegama elithi “yi”, kodwa kulula ukulifunda gwenxa njenge “yijinyangyin” okanye “yiyinjinyang”.

6. Isitywina sencwadi kunye netywina lokuqokelela. I-calligraphy kunye nokuprintwa kwakudume kakhulu kumaxesha amandulo. Amatywina odongwe asetyenziswa ukusuka kwiQin kunye neHan Dynasties ukuya kwiDynasties yaseMazantsi naseMantla. Kwakukho itywina emva kwetywina lodongwe, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela igama letywina lalisetyenziswa. Kamva, amatywina athi "umntu uthetha into", "umntu ubhengeze into", "umntu akathethanga nto", "umntu unqumame", "umntu ngembeko wathula", njl. Ezi zonke zitywina zeencwadi. Itywina lokuqokelela litywina lokuqokelela imizobo kunye ne-calligraphy, eyaqala kwi-Tang Dynasty. I-Emperor Taizong ye-Tang Dynasty yayinetywina elineempawu ezibini eziqhubekayo "Zhenguan", kwaye uMlawuli uXuanzong weTang Dynasty wayeneempawu ezimbini ezizixande zetywina "Gongyuan". Nangona la matywina mabini engaphawulwanga ngokuchongwa, aluhlobo lokuchonga kwaye ngawona matywina okuqala okuchonga. Emva koBukhosi beNgoma, umxholo wokuvandlakanywa kwamatywina uye watyeba ngakumbi, kwaye imizobo yetywina kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zazintle kakhulu. Babenotyekelo lokubambisa abanye yaye babethandwa ngabaqokeleli. Okwesibini, ukujikelezwa kwe-calligraphy yamandulo exabisekileyo kunye nemizobo kunokuqinisekiswa ngetywina lomqokeleli. Lo mbhalo uquka “ingqokelela yomntu”, “uxabiso lomntu”, “unobhala wemifanekiso yendlu ethile (i-tang, iholo, ipavilion) kwisiphaluka esithile” njalo njalo. Izitywina ezininzi zikwaquka izitywina zokuzazisa.

7. Jade itywina. Phakathi kwezinto zokushicilela, ijeyidi yeyona ixabisekileyo. Ubume bayo bucocekile kwaye bufumile, abuyi-abrasive okanye i-phosphorus, kwaye ingonakaliswa okanye iphulwe ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa ukuthungwa kwayo. Ngoko ke, abantu bamandulo babethanda ukunxiba izitywina ze-jade, nto leyo ethetha ukuba indoda ehloniphekileyo iya kunxiba i-jade kwaye ukuzinza kwe-jade kuya kuxabiswa. Idala ijade, kokukhona ibiza kakhulu. Ukuze bakhohlise imarike kwaye benze inzuzo, abanye abathengisi badla ngokufaka i-jade entsha kwi-pan yokuthosa kwaye bayiqhotse ukuze ibonakale i-patina.

8. Isitampu sesinyithi. Kubhekiselwa kumatywina akrolwe ngegolide, isilivere, ubhedu, ilothe, intsimbi nezinye iintsimbi. Ubume begolide kunye nesilivere buthambile kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa imela, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuba i-edge yebrashi ibonakale. Ngoko ke, ubhedu ngokuqhelekileyo luxutywa nobhedu xa kusenziwa izitywina, okungekho lula nje ukubumba, kodwa kulula nokulubhala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amatywina amaninzi egolide nesilivere aqatywe ngegolide nesilivere, yaye igolide esulungekileyo nesilivere esulungekileyo zinqabile. Igolide kunye nesilivere kwizitywina ezisemthethweni zisetyenziselwa ukwahlula amabanga, ngelixa igolide nesilivere zingafane zisetyenziswe kwizitywina zangasese. Ekubeni kunzima ukukrola amatywina egolide nesilivere kwimela kwaye nombhalo wesandla uthambile kwaye ubukhali, akanaxabiso elikhulu ngokwembono yokuqokelelwa noxabiso. Isitywina sobhedu sine-calligraphy eyomeleleyo enamaso angasemva. Ngokweendlela, kukho ukukrola kunye nokukrola, kwaye kukho negolide nesilivere. Amatywina elothe namatywina entsimbi ayenqabile mandulo ngaphandle kwamatywina amakhulu. Kwi-Ming Dynasty, ii-emperor censors zasebenzisa amatywina entsimbi ukubonisa ukulunga kunye nokungazingci. Noko ke, kulula ukurusa nokugqwesa intsimbi, ngoko ke zimbalwa zazo eziye zadluliselwa.

9. Iprints zendlovu kunye ne-rhino bone prints. Izitywino zezinyo yayingamatywina asemthethweni kwi-Han Dynasty, kodwa amatywina abucala ayenziwa kakhulu emva kweNgoma yoBukhosi. Zazenziwe ngophondo lwendlovu, oluthambileyo, oluqinileyo nolunamafutha, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa imela. Ukuba imibhalo ibhalwe ngombala obomvu, ubukhali be-brushwork busengabonwa, ngelixa ukuba imibhalo emhlophe ibhalwe, akukho moya. Ke ngoko, abakroli betywina kunye nabaqokeleli abazixabisi kakhulu iimpawu zamazinyo. I-Ivory ivumba elibi kubantu, kwaye xa idibana nomchamo wegundane, amabala amnyama aya kubonakala ngokukhawuleza, ezantsi ukuya ezantsi, kwaye akanakuze asuswe. Ndiyoyika nobushushu nokubila, ngoko ke andisoloko ndiyinxiba nokuba kukho iimpawu zamazinyo. Uphondo lwetywina itywina, kuphela Han Dynasty amawaka amabini amatye ukuya ezine

I-Baishiguan isebenzisa uphondo lomkhombe omnyama njengetywina layo, kwaye akafane asebenzise enye into. Ubume bayo butyebile kwaye buthambile, kwaye iya kukhubaza ngokuhamba kwexesha. Abanye basebenzisa amathambo neempondo zenkomo neegusha njengetywina. Oku kuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu. Ayifane isetyenziswe ngamatywina asemthethweni kunye neentsapho ezityebileyo. Iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo azikafunyaniswa, ngoko ke akucaci ukuba iqale nini. “

10. Isitywina seCrystal, i-agate kunye nezinye izitywina. Ubume bekristale bulukhuni kwaye bubuhlungu, ngoko akulula ukukrola. Kuya kwaphuka ukuba usebenzisa amandla amancinci, kwaye amagama akroliweyo aya kuba mtyibilizi kwaye angaqondakali. Ubume be-agate bunzima kunesihlanu, kwaye yeyona nto inzima kakhulu ukukrola kuyo yonke imathiriyeli yoshicilelo. Umbhalo okroliweyo ubonakala ubukhali kwaye awunabo ubuhle. Iitywina zePorcelain zaqala ukuvela kwiTang Dynasty kwaye zanda kakhulu kwiNgoma yeNgoma. Zinzima kwaye kunzima ukuziqingqa. I-coral kulula ukuyiqhekeza, ngelixa i-jade kulula ukuphuka kwaye inzima. Ngamafutshane, ikristale kunye nezinye izitywina azilula ukukrola, kwaye ukwenza izitywina ngokwenene kusisiqingatha somzamo ophindwe kabini. Abaqokeleli kunye nabachwephesha badlala kuphela nabo njengohlobo lokuhombisa.

11. Isitywina somthi we-bamboo. Iitywina zokhuni ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe nge-boxwood, ekulula ukuyisika kwaye ingakhululeki. Iingcambu, iingcambu ze-bamboo, iziqu ze-melon, iziqhamo zeziqhamo, njl njl. Khetha i-bamboo eneengcambu ezithe tye, ezincinci kwaye akukho zintanda. Ukuba umgama phakathi kwee-nodes ezimbini ufanelekile kwaye iingcambu zeengcambu zihanjiswa rhoqo, ziya kuba zihle kakhulu kwaye zifanele ukuba zixabiseke. Ngokuphathelele undoqo, imbewu yomnquma evela eGuangdong yeyona ibiza kakhulu (imbewu yomnquma inkulu kuneminquma kwaye ayityiwa). Ziqinile ngokwendlela enziwe ngayo, ngelixa uninzi lwazo zithambile. Zinokunqunyulwa kwaye ziqoshwe kuphela, kodwa kunzima ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ubuhle bokukrola uphawu. Iimpawu zomthi we-bamboo zinokukrolwa kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa imisebenzi yezandla kunye nezitywina zibe nye, ngoko ke zikwaluluhlu lwabaqokeleli kunye nabaxhumanisi.

12. Iqhosha lokutywina kunye neribhoni yokutywina. Iqhubu eliphezulu elingasemva kwetywina elinemingxuma yokuthunga amabhanti kuthiwa liqhosha lokutywina. Imilo yeqhosha lokuqala lokutywina yayilula, inemilo ephakanyisiweyo kuphela ekrolwe ngasemva kunye nomngxuma onqumlayo. Izizukulwana ezilandelayo zayibiza ngokuba “liqhosha lempumlo”. Ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwephesha bokutywina kunye nokukrola, ukuveliswa kwamaqhosha okutywina kuye kwanda ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye kukho iindidi ezininzi. Uninzi lwazo zizilwanyana ezifana nezilwanyana, izinambuzane, kunye neentlanzi, ezifana namaqhosha edragoni, amaqhosha ehlosi, amaqhosha e-chi, amaqhosha ofudo, kunye namaqhosha emimoya engendawo. Kukwakho namaqhosha agobileyo, amaqhosha athe ngqo, amaqhosha entwasahlobo (ingqekembe yobhedu yamandulo), amaqhosha ethayile, amaqhosha ebhulorho, amaqhosha eemele, amaqhosha esibingelelo, njl. njl ebizwa ngokuba yi "Bo Yi" - ibhityile kwaye intle. Iribhoni yetywina libhanti elinxitywa kwiqhosha leminwe, elalisenziwa kakhulu ngekotoni kumaxesha amandulo. Emva kwe-Qin kunye ne-Han Dynasties, ukungafani kwemibala yamatywina asemthethweni kunye neerebhoni zineemohluko ezithile zebakala kwaye zingenako ukugqithwa.

Ngamafutshane, ukuqokelela kunye nokuxatyiswa kwamatywina ngokubanzi kubandakanya imiba emithathu: iindidi zemathiriyeli yokutywina, iimpawu zemilo kunye nokukrolwa kombhalo. Iintlobo zezinto zokushicilela zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha. Iimpawu zemilo ziquka ubukhulu becala umphezulu wetywina kunye neqhosha lokutywina, ngelixa iimpawu zokusikwa kwetywina zihlukaniswa kwifom ukusuka kwisiShayina samandulo, isicatshulwa esikhulu setywina (籀), isikripthi sokutywina esincinci, isicatshulwa somzimba osibhozo, kunye nesicatshulwa esinemizimba emithandathu. Ngokuphathelele umtsalane, kufuneka kwakhona sijonge ukuba ukusika kwetywina lomlinganiswa ngamnye kwitywina kuyahambelana (indlela yokutywina), nokuba i-layout ifanelekile, intle, kwaye inoveli (indlela yokwakheka), nokuba istrowuli ngasinye sigcwele umoya. kunye nokuhamba, okuhloniphekileyo kunye nenhle, okanye i-stagnant (indlela ye-brushwork), Ukuba amandla emela afanelekileyo abonisa ngokupheleleyo ubukhali bebrashi kunye ne-charm ye-calligraphy. Kwakunye nokuba ubunzulu bokukrola bufanelekile kusini na (ubuchule bekrele), obu buchule bune bukwabandakanya ulwazi olukhethekileyo lokukrolwa kwetywina.