Faka imininingwane yolwazi
Umqondo ojwayelekile mayelana nezimvu zamanzi

Ngaphambi kobukhosi bakwa-Qin, kokubili izimpawu ezisemthethweni nezizimele zazibizwa ngokuthi "Xi". Ngemva kokuba uQin ehlanganise imibuso eyisithupha, kwabekwa uphawu lokuthi uphawu lombusi lwalubizwa ngokuthi “Xi” lulodwa, futhi izikhonzi zazibizwa ngokuthi “Yin” kuphela. Esikhathini sobukhosi bakwaHan, kwakukhona nezikhulu, amakhosi, izindlovukazi nezindlovukazi ezazibizwa ngokuthi "Xi". UWu Zetian Wobukhosi BamaTang uguqule igama laba elithi “Bao” ngoba enomuzwa wokuthi elithi “Xi” linephimiso eliseduze nelithi “Ukufa” (abanye bathi linephimiso elifanayo nelithi “Xi”). Kusukela ebukhosini baseTang kuya eNkathini Yobukhosi bakwa-Qing, kwalandelwa uhlelo oludala futhi “i-Xi” ne-“Bao” yasetshenziswa ndawonye. Uphawu lukajenene wakwaHan lubizwa ngokuthi “Zhang”. Ngemva kwalokho, ngokwamasiko abantu basendulo, izimpawu zihlanganisa: "seal", "seal", "inothi", "zhuji", "inkontileka", "guanfang", "isitembu", "talisman", " deed”, “deed” , “poke” nezinye iziqu. Izigxivizo ku-pre-Qin ne-Qin-Han Dynasties zazisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuvala izinto neziliphu. Izigxivizo zazibekwa odakeni oluvala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukususwa okungagunyaziwe futhi kuqinisekiswe. Uphawu olusemthethweni luphinde lufanekisele amandla. Iziliphu ezisethunjini elingemuva ziphendulwa kalula zibe yiphepha nosilika, futhi ukusetshenziswa kokuzivala ngodaka kuyekwa kancane kancane. Isigxivizo simbozwe ngombala we-vermillion. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kwansuku zonke, ibuye isetshenziswe kaningi ekubhalweni kwe-calligraphy nokudweba, futhi isibe omunye wemisebenzi yobuciko eyingqayizivele yezwe lami. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ithusi, isiliva, igolide, i-jade, i-glaze enemibala, njll. kwakusetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto zokuvala, kulandelwa amazinyo, izimpondo, izinkuni, ikristalu, njll.

[Izinhlobo zezimpawu]

Uphawu olusemthethweni: Uphawu olusemthethweni. Izigxivizo ezisemthethweni ezikhathini zasendulo zinezinhlelo zazo. Akuwona nje kuphela amagama azo ahlukene, kodwa ukwakheka kwawo, ubukhulu, izimpawu, nezinkinobho nakho kuhlukile. Uphawu lukhishwa umndeni wasebukhosini futhi lumelela igunya lokuhlukanisa izikhundla ezisemthethweni kanye nokukhombisa isikhundla. Izigxivizo ezisemthethweni zivame ukuba zinkulu kunezigxivizo eziyimfihlo, ziqaphela kakhulu, ziyisikwele kakhulu, futhi zinezinkinobho zekhala.

Isigxivizo esiyimfihlo: igama elijwayelekile lezimpawu ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisemthethweni. Isistimu yophawu lwangasese iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene ngokusekelwe encazelweni yezinhlamvu, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlamvu, izindlela zokukhiqiza, izinto zokunyathelisa kanye nokwakheka. Igama, ifonti, nesitembu senombolo: Okubhaliwe kuqoshwe igama, idijithi, noma idijithi yomuntu. Amagama abantu bakwa-Han anomlingisi oyedwa ngaphezulu, futhi izinhlamvu zabo ezintathu ziyi-Yin. Labo abangenalo uhlamvu “Yin” babizwa ngokuthi yi-Yin. Kusukela ezikhathini zamakhosi eTang kanye neNgoma, umlingisi othi "Zhu Wen" usesetshenziswe njengefomethi esemthethweni yezigxivizo zabalingiswa, futhi uhlamvu "Shi" naye wengezwe esibongo. Abantu besimanje nabo banamagama epeni, nawo angena kulesi sigaba.

I-Zhaiguan Seal: Abantu basendulo babevame ukuqamba amagumbi abo okuhlala nezifundo, futhi babevame ukuwasebenzisa ukwenza izimpawu. U-Li Qin Wobukhosi BamaTang wayenophawu oluthi “Duan Ju Shi”, olwalucishe lube uphawu lokuqala olunjalo.

Isigxivizo sombhalo: Uphawu yilolo lapho amagama athi “Qi Shi”, “Bai Shi”, kanye “Shuo Shi” engezwa ngemva kwegama. Ezinsukwini zanamuhla, abantu banabantu “abaphinde bathatheke”, “ababeka uphawu ngobuqotho”, “nabame kancane”. Lolu hlobo lophawu lusetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlamvu. Iqoqo lokwazisa uphawu: Lolu hlobo lophawu lusetshenziswa kakhulu ukumboza i-calligraphy nokudweba izinsalela zamasiko. Yachuma eNkathini YaseTang futhi yayingcono kunoBukhosi Bengoma. U-Taizong Wobukhosi BamaTang wayeno-“Zhenguan”, u-Xuanzong wayene-“Kaiyuan”, kanti u-Huizong Wobukhosi Bengoma wayeno-“Xuanhe”, konke okwasetshenziswa eqoqweni lasebukhosini le-calligraphy nemidwebo. Ezimpawu zohlobo lweqoqo, amagama athi “iqoqo”, “ingcebo”, “iqoqo lezincwadi”, “iqoqo lokudweba”, “umcebo”, “umdlalo oyimfihlo”, “incwadi” njll. Esigabeni sokubonga, amagama anjengokuthi “ukwazisa”, “ingcebo”, “ukwazisa okumsulwa”, “ukwazisa kwenhliziyo”, “ukubuka”, “isibusiso samehlo” njll. Amagama athi “kuhleliwe”, “kuhloliwe”, “kugunyazwe”, “ukulinganisa”, “Ukuhlonza” njll. avame ukungezwa ohlotsheni lokubuyekeza uphawu. I-auspicious language seal: Uphawu luqoshwe ngolimi oluhle. Okufana nokuthi "inzuzo enkulu", "inzuzo yosuku", "inhlanhla enkulu", "injabulo ende", "inhlanhla ende", "ingcebo ende", "inzalo enhle", "impilo ende nokuphila isikhathi eside", "ukuthula okuphakade", " "Ukuthola amatshe ayinkulungwane ngosuku", "Ukwenza inzuzo yezigidi eziyishumi ngosuku", njll. konke kuwela kulesi sigaba. UXiao Xi wozalo Lwase-Qin wabhala: “Izifo zizokwelapheka, impilo yaphakade izophumula, nokuphila isikhathi eside kuyoba nokuthula.” Kukhona nalabo abengeza amagama amnandi ngenhla nangaphansi kwamagama abo, avame kakhulu ezigxivizweni ezizinhlangothi zombili oBukhosini bukaHan.

I-idiom seal: Iyingxenye yesigaba sokungcebeleka. Izimpawu ziqoshwa ngezisho, izinkondlo, noma amagama anjengokukhononda, ezothando, ubuBuddha nobuTao, ​​futhi ngokuvamile agxivizwa ku-calligraphy nokudweba. Izigxivizo ze-idiom zazidumile ku-Song and Yuan Dynasties. Kuthiwa u-Jia Sidao “unesimilo esizoyijabulela kamuva”, u-Wen Jia “utuswa uZhao Xiyu ngesithunzi sakhe”, kanti u-Wen Peng uthi “Ngiziqhathanisa noPeng wami wakudala”, wonke lawo angamaShayina athi “ Li Sao”. UNinja akakwazanga ukuzibamba ehleka. Izisho ezisesigxivini zavela ezimpahleni ezinhle ze-Qin ne-Han Dynasties. Angadlalwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kodwa kufanele abe nengqondo futhi abe nobuhle, futhi angeke akhiwe ngokungahleliwe.

Uphawu olumise okwe-Xiao: Okwaziwa nangokuthi “uphawu lwesithombe” kanye “nophawu lwephethini”, igama elivamile lezimpawu eziqoshwe ngamaphethini. Izimpawu zasendulo zezinkanyezi zivame ukuqoshwa ngezithombe zabantu, izilwane, njll., futhi zithathwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namadragons, ama-phoenixes, amahlosi,

Izinja, amahhashi, izinhlanzi, izinyoni, njll, zilula futhi zilula. Iningi lezimpawu ze-zodiac zibhalwe ngokumhlophe, ezinye ziyizithombe ezimsulwa, kanti ezinye zinombhalo. Kuma-Han seal, odrako namahlosi, noma “imimoya emine” (udrako oluhlaza, ingwe emhlophe, inyoni ebomvu, kanye ne-Xuanwu) kuvame ukungezwa eduze kwegama.

Uphawu olusayiniwe: Olwaziwa nangokuthi “i-monogram seal”, lusayinwa ngumuntu oqophe imbali enegama lakhe kuyo, okwenza kube nzima ngabanye ukulingisa, njengoba lisebenza njengobufakazi bokwethenjwa. Lolu hlobo lophawu lwaqala kuMkhosi Wengoma futhi ngokuvamile alukho uhlaka lwangaphandle. Iningi lalezi ezazidumile oBukhosini be-Yuan zazingunxande, ngokuvamile kuqoshwe isibongo phezulu kanye nombhalo we-Basiba noma i-monogram ngezansi, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-Yuan Ya" noma "isitembu sika-Yuan".

[Ukungavumelani ekusebenziseni izigxivizo]

Uma ubeka imibhalo kanye nezimpawu ku-calligraphy nemidwebo, uphawu akufanele lube lukhulu kunezinhlamvu. Kungokwemvelo ukubeka uphawu olukhulu endaweni enkulu kanye nophawu oluncane endaweni encane.

Umdwebo waseShayina kufanele ugxivizwe ngokuqondile ngaphansi kombhalo futhi uqonde phansi ekhoneni elingezansi. Azikho izitembu zasemakhoneni ezivunyelwe. Isibonelo, uma usayina ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla, ungagxiviza uphawu luka-“Xian” ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele; uma usayina ekhoneni elingaphezulu kwesokunxele, ungagxiviza "i-Xiang seal" ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla. Uma uphawu lwalesi sigaba esingenhla luseduze nekhona elingezansi, asikho isidingo sokugxiviza uphawu lwamahhala.

Lapho usayina ucezu lwe-chess lomdwebo wamaShayina, akufanele kube nezitembu zamahhala emakhoneni angakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla. Bhala ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla bese ugxiviza isitembu esiyisikwele ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele; bhala ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele bese ugxiviza ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla ngesitembu sesikwele. Uma singekho isidingo sokugxiviza isigxivizo lapha, futhi siphoqelelwe ukuba sigxivizwe, kuyoba ukuzilimaza.

Izigxivizo eziwunxande, eziyindilinga, neziyi-oblong azikwazi ukubekwa emakhoneni angezansi ezigxivizo eziyisikwele. Uphawu lwesikwele alukwazi ukufakwa endaweni engenalutho phezulu kwe-calligraphy nomdwebo, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzothatha indawo. Emidwebeni yendabuko yesiShayina, imibhalo kufanele iqonde futhi izinhlamvu ekugcineni komugqa ngamunye akufanele zihambisane kahle nobude beminye imigqa. Okufanayo kuya ngezimvu zamanzi.

Izigxivizo ezimbili, isikwele esisodwa nomjikelezo owodwa, azikwazi ukufana. Amaphrinti anomumo ofanayo angafaniswa.