Ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nezimvu zamanzi

Izimpawu zinokuqukethwe okubanzi, futhi izici zazo ziyahlukahluka ngezinto zokuvala ezihlukene. Kukhona futhi amagama ahlukahlukene ezindlela zokuqopha. Ukuqonda lolu lwazi kuwumsebenzi omkhulu wokuqoqa nokwazisa. Nasi isingeniso esifushane somqondo othile.

1. Yin (emhlophe) seal, Yang (zhu) seal, Yin futhi Yang seal. Izinhlamvu noma izithombe ezisophawu zinezimo ezimbili: i-concave ne-convex. Ezisezinhlangothini ezine zibizwa ngezinhlamvu ze-Yin (ezibuye zibizwe ngezinhlamvu zabesifazane), kanti eziphambene nazo zibizwa ngezinhlamvu ze-Yang. Kodwa-ke, i-nomenclature yasendulo iphambene neyamanje, ngoba abantu basendulo babebiza imibhalo ye-Yin ne-Yang ngokophawu lophawu odakeni lokuvala. Umbhalo we-Yin owethulwe odakeni oluvalwayo uwumbhalo we-Yang ocingweni; umbhalo we-Yang odakeni oluvala uphawu yi-Yang. Isigxivizo sibhalwe ngemibhalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kugwenywe ukungaqondi kahle, umbhalo we-Yin ubizwa ngokuthi i-Baiwen kanti umbhalo we-Yang ubizwa ngokuthi i-Zhuwen. Ezinye izimpawu zixutshwe nezinhlamvu ezimhlophe nezibomvu, ezibizwa ngokuthi "zhubaijianwenseal". Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zasendulo ngokuvamile ziyizimpawu ezimhlophe, amafonti amahle futhi asendulo, isitayela sokubhala siqinile, futhi amaphuzu okuguqula kufanele aqedwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Amafonti e-Baiwenyin ngokuvamile akhuluphele kodwa awaqumbile, azacile kodwa abunile, kulula ukuwasebenzisa, mahle ngokwemvelo, futhi iningi ligwema ukuzenzela. I-Zhuwenyin yaqala ku-Six Dynasties futhi yaduma ku-Tang and Song Dynasties. Amafonti abukeka kahle futhi anobuhle, futhi imivimbo idalulwe ngokugcwele, kodwa umbhalo wesandla akufanele ube ugqinsi, njengoba ukuhwalala kuzobukeka kuqinile.

2. Ukulingisa nokucwecwa. Izigxivizo zensimbi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisemthethweni noma zangasese, ngokuvamile ziqoshwa ngobumba bese zincibilikiswa kusetshenziswa ukubunjwa kwesihlabathi noma izindlela zokudweba i-wax. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-cast seal". Iningi lezimpawu zasendulo zaphonswa kanye nombhalo wophawu. Izigxivizo ezingezona ezensimbi ezifana ne-jade azikwazi ukuncibilikiswa futhi zingacwecwa ngommese kuphela. Kukhona nezigxivizo zensimbi eziqala ukuphonswa bese zihlanganiswa ngombhalo wophawu. Lolu hlobo lwe-seal ngokuvamile lubizwa ngokuthi "i-chisel seal." Ama-seal aqoshiwe angahlukaniswa abe ahlanzekile futhi aqinile. Ezinye izigxivizo ezisemthethweni zashiyizwa ngokushesha futhi zasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthi imodeli ivalwe, ngakho zazibizwa ngokuthi “Jijiuzhang”.

3. Ukuphrinta okunezinhlangothi ezimbili, ukuphrinta okunezinhlangothi eziningi, nokuphrinta kwezinhlangothi ezimbili. Olunye uhlangothi luqoshwe amagama kanti olunye luqoshwe igama, noma olunye luqoshwe igama bese kuthi olunye luqoshwe isihloko sendawo, noma olunye luqoshwe igama bese kuthi olunye luqoshwe ngalo. amagama anenhlanhla, izithombe, njll. Lezo ezinezimpawu eziqoshwe nhlangothi zombili zibizwa ngokuthi izigxivizo ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ukuphrinta okunezinhlangothi eziningi kuyisifaniso. Ukuphrinta okunezinhlangothi ezimbili nokuphrinta okunezinhlangothi eziningi ngokuvamile akunazo izinkinobho, futhi imbobo encane kuphela ebhojwa phakathi ukuze kufakwe ibhande, ngakho-ke kubizwa nangokuthi "ukuphrinta kwebhande". Izigxivizo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezipakishwe ndawonye ukuze zithwaleke zibizwa ngokuthi “izigxivizo eziningi” noma “izigxivizo ezingaphezulu.”

4. Yisho uphawu, uphawu lwegama, uphawu oluhlanganisiwe, kanye nophawu olujwayelekile. Abantu basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi izimpawu ziwuphawu lwekhredithi, ngakho babesebenzisa igama elithi seal njengophawu olusemthethweni kanye negama elithi seal njengophawu lwezinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Igama seal lisho igama kuphela eliqoshwe. Ngokuvamile, “uphawu” kuphela, “uhlamvu lophawu”, “uphawu” kanye “ne-zhi seal” kuphela engeziwe ngaphansi kwegama. Amagama athi “private seal” namanye amagama awasetshenziswa, kodwa igama elithi “shi” nezinye izinhlamvu eziyize azisetshenziswa. Ukuzisebenzisa kukhombisa ukungahloniphi. I-Ziyin ibizwa nangokuthi i-table Ziyin. Ku-Han kanye ne-Jin Dynasties, izinhlamvu kufanele zixhunywe nesibongo, futhi inzalo ingase ixhumeke noma cha. Ngokuvamile, igama elithi “Yin” kuphela noma isibongo esifakwa uphawu lomlingiswa, njengokuthi “Zhao Shi Zi'ang”. Amagama nezinhlamvu eziqoshwe uphawu olulodwa zibizwa ngokuthi “izimpawu ezihlanganisiwe zamagama”. Kukhona nalabo abaqopha indawo yokuzalwa, isibongo, igama elinikeziwe, igama, isikhundla, isikhundla esisemthethweni, njll. uphawu olulodwa, olubizwa ngokuthi "uphawu olujwayelekile".

5. Ukuphrinta kwe-Palindrome, ukuphrinta kokufunda okuvundlile, nokuphrinta okuhlanganisiwe. I-Palindrome isetshenziselwa ukubhekana negama uphawu kanye nophawu lomlingiswa wezinhlamvu ezimbili, okungavimbela ukufunda kabi futhi kuxhume izinhlamvu ezimbili zegama zibe yinye. Indlela yokufaka igama elithi “Yin” ngaphansi kwesibongo kwesokudla, nezinhlamvu ezimbili zegama lokuqala kwesokunxele. Uma ulifunda ku-loop, kuzoba “isibongo sibhalwe ukuthi-no-baze” esikhundleni sokuthi “isibongo sibhalwe ukuthi-nokuthi-nje”

“. Isibonelo, uma izinhlamvu ezine "uphawu luka-Wang Cong" ziqoshwa ngokujwayelekile ngaphandle kwe-palindrome, kungenziwa iphutha kalula nesibongo u-Wang Ming Cong, futhi ngeke kubonakale ukuthi isibongo u-Wang Ming Cong. Ukufundwa kwezigxivizo ezivundlile nezigxivizo zombhalo ezixhumene kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, isetshenziselwa kuphela ukuqopha izihloko ezisemthethweni namagama ezindawo. Isibonelo, igama elithi "Sikong" liqoshwe phezulu futhi igama elithi "Zhi" liqoshwe phansi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi uphawu lokufunda okuphambene, olwenziwa ngokulandelana kwe-diagonal. Funda. Ezinhlamvu ezine, umlingiswa wokuqala ungaphezulu kwesokudla, owesibili ungezansi kwesokunxele, owesithathu ungaphezulu kwesokunxele, kanti umlingisi wesine ungakwesokudla. Isibonelo, umlingiswa othi "Yang" usekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla. Ngaphansi kwegama elithi “jin”, igama elithi “lv” kwesokunxele segama elithi “yi”, kodwa kulula ukulifunda kabi ngokuthi “yijinyangyin” noma “yiyinjinyang”.

6. Isigxivizo sencwadi kanye nophawu lweqoqo. I-calligraphy nokuphrinta kwakudume kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo. Izigxivizo zobumba zazisetshenziswa kusukela ku-Qin kanye ne-Han Dynasties kuya ku-Southern and Northern Dynasties. Kwakukhona uphawu ngemuva kophawu lobumba, kodwa ngokuvamile kwakusetshenziswa uphawu lwegama kuphela. Kamuva, izigxivizo zaba "othile osho okuthile", "othile umemezele okuthile", "othile akashongo lutho", "othile wathula kancane", "othile wathula ngenhlonipho", njll. Zonke lezi zimpawu zezincwadi. Uphawu lweqoqo luwuphawu lokuqoqa imidwebo ne-calligraphy, eyaqala eNkathini YaseTang. U-Emperor Taizong Wobukhosi BamaTang wayenophawu oluqhubekayo lwezinhlamvu ezimbili oluthi “Zhenguan”, kanti uMbusi uXuanzong woBukhosi BamaTang wayenophawu olunezinhlamvu ezimbili elingunxande elithi “Gongyuan”. Nakuba lezi zimpawu ezimbili zingamakwanga ngokuhlonza, ziwuhlobo lokuhlonza futhi ziyizimpawu zokuqala zokuhlonza. Ngemva koBukhosi beNgoma, okuqukethwe kwezimpawu zokulinganisa kwaba nokucebile, futhi imifanekiso eqoshiwe kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo kwakukuhle kakhulu. Babenomkhuba wokubamba abanye futhi bethandwa ngabaqoqi. Okwesibili, ukusakazwa kwe-calligraphy yasendulo eyigugu nemidwebo kungabuye kuqinisekiswe ngophawu lomqoqi. Umbhalo uhlanganisa “iqoqo lomuntu”, “ukwazisa komuntu”, “unobhala wezithombe zendlu ethile (i-tang, ihholo, inkundla) endaweni ethile” njalo njalo. Izigxivizo eziningi nazo zihlanganisa izimpawu zokuhlonza.

7. Jade seal. Phakathi kwezinto zokunyathelisa, i-jade iyigugu kakhulu. Ukuthungwa kwayo kuhlanzekile futhi kunomswakama, akubizi noma ku-phosphorous, futhi kungalimala noma kuphuke ngaphandle kokulimaza ukuthungwa kwayo. Ngakho-ke, abantu basendulo babethanda ukugqoka izimpawu ze-jade, okusho ukuthi umnumzane uzogqoka i-jade futhi ukuqina kwe-jade kuzokwaziswa. Uma i-jade indala, ibiza kakhulu. Ukuze bakhohlise imakethe futhi benze inzuzo, abanye abathengisi bavame ukufaka i-jade entsha epanini lokuthosa bese beyithosa ukuze ibukeke i-patina.

8. Isitembu sensimbi. Kubhekiselwa ezimpawini eziqoshwe ngegolide, isiliva, ithusi, umthofu, insimbi nezinye izinsimbi. Ukuthungwa kwegolide nesiliva kuthambile kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa ummese, futhi kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi unqenqema lwebhulashi lubonakale. Ngakho-ke, ithusi ngokuvamile lixutshwa nethusi lapho kwenziwa izimpawu, okungelula nje ukulolongwa, kodwa futhi kulula ukuliqopha. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu eziningi zegolide nezesiliva zinamekwe ngegolide nesiliva, kanti igolide elihlanzekile nesiliva elihlanzekile kuyivelakancane. Igolide nesiliva ezimpawini ezisemthethweni kusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa amabanga, kuyilapho igolide nesiliva akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ezimpawini zangasese. Njengoba izimpawu zegolide nezesiliva kunzima ukuziqopha emmeseni futhi umbhalo wesandla uthambile futhi ucijile, awunalo inani elikhulu ngokombono wokuqoqwa nokwazisa. I-copper seal ine-calligraphy eqinile enobuhlalu bangemuva. Mayelana nezindlela, kukhona ukucwenga nokuqoshwa, futhi kukhona negolide nesiliva. Izimpawu zomthofu nezinsimbi ngokuvamile zaziyivelakancane ezikhathini zasendulo ngaphandle kwezimvu ezinkulukazi. Ezikhathini Zobukhosi baseMing, abahloli basebukhosini basebenzisa izimpawu zensimbi ukuze baveze ubuqotho babo nokuzidela kwabo. Nokho, kulula ukugqwala nokugqwala kwensimbi, ngakho ezimbalwa zazo ziye zadluliselwa.

9. Ukuphrinta kwendlovu kanye nokuphrinta kwamathambo obhejane. Izigxivizo zamazinyo kwakuyizimpawu ezisemthethweni oBukhosini bakwa-Han, kodwa izimpawu eziyimfihlo zazivame ukwenziwa ngemva koBukhosi Lwengoma. Zazenziwe ngophondo lwendlovu, oluthambile, oluqinile futhi olunamafutha, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa ummese. Uma imibhalo iqoshwe ngokubomvu, ukucija kwe-brushwork kusengabonakala, kanti uma imibhalo emhlophe iqoshiwe, akukho moya. Ngakho-ke, abaqophi bezimpawu zamazinyo abazazisi kakhulu izimpawu zamazinyo. Uphondo lwendlovu lunuka kabi kubantu, futhi lapho luhlangana nomchamo wamagundane, amabala amnyama azovela ngokushesha, phansi kuze kube phansi, futhi angasoze asuswa. Ngiyesaba nokushisa nokujuluka, ngakho angiyigqoki njalo noma ngabe kunezimpawu zamazinyo. Uphondo lukabhejane uphawu, kuphela Han Dynasty amatshe ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ezine

I-Baishiguan isebenzisa uphondo lukabhejane omnyama njengophawu lwayo, futhi ayivamisile ukusebenzisa enye into. Ukuthungwa kwayo kuminyene futhi kuthambile, futhi izokhubazeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye basebenzisa amathambo nezimpondo zezinkomo nezezimvu njengezimpawu. Lokhu kudume kakhulu phakathi kwabantu. Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa izimvu zamanzi ezisemthethweni kanye nemindeni ecebile. Amarekhodi afanelekile abengakatholakali, ngakho-ke akucaci ukuthi aqale nini. “

10. I-Crystal seal, i-agate nezinye izimpawu. Ukuthungwa kwekristalu kuqinile futhi kuyaphuka, ngakho akulula ukuqopha. Izophuka uma usebenzisa amandla amancane, futhi amagama aqoshiwe azoshelela futhi angaqondakali. Ukuthungwa kwe-agathe kulukhuni kunezinhlanu, futhi iyinto enzima kakhulu ukuqoshwa kuzo zonke izinto zokuphrinta. Umbhalo oqoshiwe ubonakala ucijile futhi awunabo ubuhle. Izigxivizo ze-Porcelain zaqala ukuvela eNkathini YaseTang futhi zanda kakhulu eNtabeni Yobukhosi Bengoma. Ziqinile futhi kunzima ukuziqopha. I-coral kulula ukuqhekeka, kuyilapho i-jade kulula ukuphuka futhi iqinile. Ngamafuphi, i-crystal nezinye izimpawu akulula ukuziqopha, futhi ukwenza izimpawu empeleni kuwuhhafu womzamo ngomzamo ophindwe kabili. Abaqoqi nabanolwazi badlala nabo kuphela njengohlobo lokuhloba.

11. I-bamboo wood seal. Izigxivizo zezinkuni ngokuvamile zenziwe nge-boxwood, okulula ukuyisika futhi ingaxegi. Izimpande, izimpande zoqalo, iziqu zekhabe, izinongo zezithelo, njll. nazo zingasetshenziselwa ukuqoshwa. Khetha uqalo olunezimpande eziqondile, ezincanyana futhi ezingenamifantu. Uma ibanga phakathi kwama-node amabili lifanelekile futhi ama-root nodes asakazwa njalo, kuyoba kuhle kakhulu futhi kufanelekile ukuhlonishwa. Ngokuqondene nomnyombo, imbewu yomnqumo evela eGuangdong ibiza kakhulu (imbewu yomnqumo inkulu kuneminqumo futhi ayidleki). Ziqinile ekuthunjweni, kuyilapho ezinye eziningi zithambile. Zingasikwa futhi ziqoshwe kuphela, kodwa kunzima ukuqaphela ngokugcwele ubuhle bokuqopha uphawu. Izigxivizo zokhuni ze-bamboo zingaqoshwa zibe yizimo ezihlukahlukene, zihlanganise imisebenzi yezandla nezimpawu zibe yinto eyodwa, ngakho-ke nazo ziwuchungechunge lwabaqoqi kanye nochwepheshe.

12. Inkinobho yokuvala kanye neribhoni yokuvala. Iqhubu eliphakeme ngemuva kwesivalo elinezimbobo zokubopha amabhande libizwa ngokuthi inkinobho yokuvala. Ukuma kwenkinobho yophawu lwakuqala kwakulula, kunomumo ophakeme oqoshwe ngemuva kanye nembobo ngaphesheya kwawo. Izizukulwane ezilandelayo zayibiza ngokuthi “inkinobho yekhala”. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-seal kanye nokuqoshwa, ukukhiqizwa kwezinkinobho ze-seal kuye kwaba yinto enhle kakhulu, futhi kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu. Eziningi zazo izilwane ezinjengezilwane, izinambuzane, nezinhlanzi, njengezinkinobho zikadrako, izinkinobho zamahlosi, izinkinobho ze-chi, izinkinobho zofudu, nezinkinobho zemimoya emibi. Kukhona nezinkinobho ezigobile, izinkinobho eziqondile, izinkinobho zentwasahlobo (uhlamvu lwemali yethusi yasendulo), izinkinobho zamathayela, izinkinobho zebhuloho, izinkinobho zamabhakede, izinkinobho ze-altare, njll. Ezinye izimpawu azinazo izinkinobho, futhi ziqoshwe ngezindawo nezibalo ezizungeze uphawu, okuwuphawu. ebizwa ngokuthi “Bo Yi” – izacile futhi ibukeka kahle. Iribhoni yophawu ibhande elifakwa enkinobho yezigxivizo zeminwe, eyayakhiwe kakhulu ukotini ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngemuva Kwezizukulwane Zakwa-Qin Nezakwa-Han, umehluko wemibala yezimpawu ezisemthethweni namaribhoni waba nomehluko othile webanga futhi wawungeke weqe.

Ngamafuphi, ukuqoqwa nokwazisa kwezimpawu ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi izici ezintathu: izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokuvala, izici zomumo kanye nokuqoshwa kombhalo. Izinhlobo zezinto zokunyathelisa zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe. Izici zomumo zihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko indawo yophawu nenkinobho yophawu, kuyilapho izinhlamvu ezisikwe uphawu zihlukaniswa ngendlela yesiShayina sasendulo, umbhalo wophawu olukhulu (籀), umbhalo wophawu oluncane, umbhalo wemizimba eyisishiyagalombili, nombhalo wemizimba eyisithupha. Mayelana ne-charm, sidinga futhi ukubheka ukuthi ukusika uphawu lomlingiswa ngamunye ocingweni kuyahambisana (indlela ye-seal), noma ngabe ukwakheka kunengqondo, kuhle, futhi inoveli (indlela yokuqamba), noma ngabe i-stroke ngayinye igcwele umoya. nokugeleza, okunesizotha nokuhle, noma okumile (indlela yebhulashi), Ukuthi amandla ommese afaneleka kukhombisa ngokugcwele ukucija kwebhulashi kanye nokuthandeka kwe-calligraphy. Kanye nokuthi ukujula kokuqopha kufaneleka yini (isu lenkemba), lezi zindlela ezine zihilela nolwazi olukhethekile lokuqopha uphawu.